ArticleJournal of reproductive immunology2023
Adverse birth outcomes are associated with circulating matrix metalloproteinases among pregnant women in Puerto Rico.
Article in Journal of reproductive immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal bioactive lipids during pregnancy and early childhood neurodevelopment and behavior.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Vaginal dysbiosis and inflammatory signatures in preterm labor: an integrated model for predicting preterm birth.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Association between organic micropollutants in tap water and human exposure and birth outcomes: Implications for environmental health in northern Puerto Rico.Journal of hazardous materials · 2025Article
- The NFκB Signaling Pathway Is Involved in the Pathophysiological Process of Preeclampsia.Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are major extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling proteinases and regulate uterine remodeling, which is a critical process for healthy pregnancies. The goal of this study was to investigate associations between maternal blood MMPs during pregnancy and birth outcomes among 898 pregnant women in the Puerto Rico PROTECT birth cohort. MMPs (MMP1, MMP2, and MMP9) were quantified using a customized Luminex assay in blood samples collected at two gestational study visits (around 18 and 26 weeks gestation). Linear and logistic regression models were used to regress continuous and binary birth outcomes, respectively, on MMPs at each study visit separately. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to test for effect modification by fetal sex on associations between MMPs and birth outcomes. We observed significant associations between MMP2 at visit 1 and newborn length that were in the opposite direction from the associations between MMP9 at visit 3 and newborn length. MMPs were associated with increased odds of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus, though case numbers were low. We also observed significant inverse associations with gestational age for MMP9 and MMP2 at visit 1 and visit 3, respectively, and these associations were observed only in mothers carrying male fetuses. Further, MMP2 was associated with heavier female fetuses, whereas MMP9 was associated with lighter female fetuses. We observed significant associations between birth outcomes and MMPs, and the majority of these associations differed by fetal sex. This study highlighted significant MMPs-birth outcomes associations that may provide a basis to explore the impact of MMPs on endometrium health and physiology.
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Registered trials
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