ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2023
Speed limits: the effects of industrial food processing and food texture on daily energy intake and eating behaviour in healthy adults.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04280146 (Speed Limits), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Speed Limits: Food Intake and Eating Behaviour of Ultra-processed and Unprocessed Foods
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Ultra-processed foods consumption and health-related outcomes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Satiety responsiveness following dietary exposure to ultra-processed foods differing in texture-derived eating rate: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled crossover diet intervention.European journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Eating rate has sustained effects on energy intake from ultraprocessed diets: a 2-week ad libitum dietary randomized controlled crossover trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Trial
- Public health policy should be grounded in established evidence that acknowledges uncertainty: a response to The Lancet series on ultra-processed foods.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- The Purpose of Food Processing and Ultra-Processed Food: the Potential, Pitfalls and Path Forward for Public Health.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- The Future of Food Processing-A Food Science and Technology Perspective. Proceedings of a Roundtable Event.Nutrition bulletin · 2026Article
- Separating Myths From Facts About Bread and Health.Nutrition bulletin · 2026Review
- The sustained effect of texture-based eating rate on food intake in an 11-d randomised controlled trial.The British journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- The Effect of Eating Rate of Ultra-Processed Foods on Dietary Intake, Eating Behaviour, Body Composition and Metabolic Responses-Rationale, Design and Outcomes of the Restructure Randomised Controlled Trial.Nutrition bulletin · 2025Article
- The role of ultra-processed food in obesity.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Ultra-processed Food and Obesity: What Is the Evidence?Current nutrition reports · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeFrequent consumption of industrially processed foods has been associated with obesity. However, it is unknown what drives this association. Food textures of industrially processed foods that stimulate energy overconsumption may be an important driver of this association. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the independent and combined effects of food texture and level of industrial food processing (based on the NOVA classification) on daily energy intake and eating behaviour.
methodsEighteen healthy adults (F/M: 11/7, 23 ± 3 y, 22.1 ± 2.0 kg/m
resultsDaily energy intake and food intake were, respectively, 33% (571 ± 135 kcal) and 14% (247 ± 146 g) lower in the hard compared to the soft conditions (main texture p < 0.001). Energy intake was lower in both hard conditions compared to the (ultra)processed soft condition (Tukey p < 0.04). Eating rate (g/min) was on average 85% slower (P < 0.001) in the hard compared to the soft conditions (p < 0.001). Level of processing did not affect food intake.
conclusionConsumption of hard-textured foods reduces daily energy intake of (ultra-) processed foods. This preliminary investigation shows that there is great variability in food properties that affect energy and food intake beyond industrial food processing. However, findings should be interpreted with precaution considering the limited sample size of this trial. Future classification systems for public health messaging should include energy intake rate to help reduce overconsumption. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: NCT04280146, https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov , February 21st 2020.
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