Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37451718›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2023

Establishing internationally accepted conceptual and operational definitions of social prescribing through expert consensus: a Delphi study.

Caitlin Muhl, Kate Mulligan, Imaan Bayoumi, Rachelle Ashcroft, Christina Godfrey

Abstract readConsensus Statement
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 127 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
127citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

127 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Increasing the environmental sustainability of operating rooms in Canada: an evidence-informed guideline for policy.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2026
    Guideline
  4. Pooled it
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  6. Outcomes and instruments used in social prescribing: a modified umbrella review.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2024
    Pooled it
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  10. Article
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  17. Review
  18. Social prescribing for people recovering from treatment for cancer: a systematic scoping review.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Caitlin MuhlSchool of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-9878-3319
Kate MulliganDalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada kate.mulligan@utoronto.ca.ORCID 0000-0001-7249-2823
Imaan BayoumiSchool of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-7575-1720
Rachelle AshcroftFactor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-5666-1946
Christina GodfreySchool of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-9292-3237

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThe aim of this study was to establish internationally accepted conceptual and operational definitions of social prescribing.

designA three-round Delphi study was conducted.

settingThis study was conducted virtually using an online survey platform.

participantsThis study involved an international, multidisciplinary panel of experts. The expert panel (n=48) represented 26 countries across five continents, numerous expert groups and a variety of years of experience with social prescribing, with the average being 5 years (range=1-20 years).

resultsAfter three rounds, internationally accepted conceptual and operational definitions of social prescribing were established. The definitions were transformed into the Common Understanding of Social Prescribing (CUSP) conceptual framework.

conclusionThis foundational work offers a common thread-a shared sense of what social prescribing is, which may be woven into social prescribing research, policy and practice to foster common understanding of this concept.

Indexed as

Research DesignSoftwareConsensusDelphi TechniqueHumansSurveys and QuestionnairesPREVENTIVE MEDICINEPUBLIC HEALTHSOCIAL MEDICINE

Identifiers

PMID37451718
PMCPMC10351285

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.