ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2024
Synthetic Cooling Agents in Australian-Marketed E-cigarette Refill Liquids and Disposable E-cigarettes: Trends Follow the U.S. Market.
Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ) Guidance for the Management of Electronic Cigarette Use (Vaping) in Adolescents and Adults.Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2025Guideline
- Methylglyoxal and Glyoxal in High-Puff Disposable Electronic Cigarette Liquids: Unexpected Accumulation and Enhanced Cytotoxicity.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Recommended self-report measures for use of menthol, mint and cooling-flavoured nicotine and tobacco products.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- The tip of the iceberg: Profiling cooling agents using computational approaches to inform tobacco regulatory science.PloS one · 2026Article
- Public health impact of disposable electronic cigarettes since 2021: a scoping review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Differences in "minty" flavor compound and synthetic cooling agent presence in US-marketed menthol-mint e-liquids and devices between 2019-2023.Research square · 2025Article
- Attitudes of people diagnosed with cancer and cancer care providers towards use of nicotine vaping products in high-income countries: a scoping review.Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice · 2025Article
- Chemical Analysis and Flavor Distribution of Electronic Cigarettes in Australian Schools.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Disposable e-cigarette use: Factors, frequency and cigarette smoking among United States high school students.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- A multi-year characterization of confiscated vaping products from Virginia school youth.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2024Article
- Marketing for Sensa: A novel "zero nicotine vapor product" from a major tobacco company.Research square · 2024Article
- Ultrasonic Cigarettes: Chemicals and Cytotoxicity are Similar to Heated-Coil Pod-Style Electronic Cigarettes.Chemical research in toxicology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionE-cigarettes are becoming increasingly popular in Australia, especially amongst the younger population. The synthetic cooling molecules WS-3 and WS-23 have been identified in e-cigarette products from the United States and Europe. The extent of inclusion of these synthetic coolants in Australian e-liquids is unknown, particularly in newer disposable e-cigarettes. AIMS AND
methodsE-cigarettes and e-liquids were purchased within Australia and anonymously donated by Australian users. Nicotine, WS-3, WS-23, and menthol were quantified in the e-liquids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
resultsWS-23 and nicotine were detected in all of the disposable e-cigarettes with WS-23 often present in high concentrations. There was no correlation between cooling terms in the flavor name and the inclusion of cooling agents. Only three bottled e-liquids were found to contain WS-23 while none contained WS-3 above the limit of detection.
conclusionsSynthetic coolants were a common addition in disposable e-cigarettes while rarely added to e-liquid bottle refills. Their inclusion in these products is reflective of trends observed in United States and European e-cigarette products. IMPLICATIONS: The increase in synthetic cooling agents as components of e-liquids, particularly disposable e-cigarette devices, has been observed within Australian samples across a range of brands and flavors. WS-23 was present in every disposable e-cigarette analyzed in this study, often in relatively high concentrations. Its inhalational toxicology should be considered when evaluating the safety of these products.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.