ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2024
Associations of reproductive factors and exogenous estrogens with global and domain-specific cognition in later life.
Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prospective study of reproductive span and menopausal hormone therapy and cognitive decline over 8 years in the Nurses' Health Study.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Women's reproductive life patterns, intrinsic capacity, and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific dementia: a prospective cohort study.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Lifetime Exposure to Endogenous Estradiol and Markers of Dementia Risk: Associations with Later Life Cognitive, Behavioral, and Functional Complaints.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Biological and social reproductive factors and late-life cognitive function in middle-aged and older Chinese women.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Reproductive health history and later life cognition in African Caribbean women.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Association between the number of pregnancies and hearing loss: NHANES 1999-2018.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Leveraging research into sex differences and steroid hormones to improve brain health.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Longitudinal associations of reproductive factors and exogeneous estrogens with neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Connections between reproductive health and cognitive aging among women enrolled in the HCHS/SOL and SOL-INCA.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Hormone replacement therapy, menopausal age and lifestyle variables are associated with better cognitive performance at follow-up but not cognition over time in older-adult women irrespective of APOE4 carrier status and co-morbidities.Frontiers in dementia · 2024Article
- Associations of reproductive factors and exogenous estrogens with global and domain-specific cognition in later life.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionFew studies have comprehensively examined the impact of reproductive factors (i.e., reproductive window, parity, hormonal contraception [HC], and menopausal hormone therapy [MHT]) on global and domain-specific cognition in later life.
methodsWe studied a population-based sample of 2458 women (median age 74.2 years) residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota; participants underwent a clinical evaluation and comprehensive cognitive testing.
resultsThe length of a woman's reproductive window was not associated with cognition. Higher parity was associated with greater cognitive decline in all domains. Ever HC use was associated with less decline in all domains. Ever MHT use was associated with greater decline in global cognition and all domain-specific z-scores except visuospatial; results were driven by women who initiated MHT 5 or more years after menopause. Additional adjustments for APOE and vascular-related covariates did not attenuate the results. DISCUSSION: Multiple reproductive risk factors are associated with cognitive decline in later life. HIGHLIGHTS: The length of a woman's reproductive window was not associated with cognition longitudinally. Greater parity was associated with greater cognitive decline longitudinally. Ever HC use was associated with less decline in global cognition and all domain-specific z-scores longitudinally (all p < 0.01). Ever MHT use was associated with greater decline in global cognition and all domain-specific z-scores except visuospatial longitudinally (all p < 0.01). The greatest cognitive decline was among women who initiated MHT more than 5 years after menopause.
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