ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Wearable Technologies for Electrodermal and Cardiac Activity Measurements: A Comparison between Fitbit Sense, Empatica E4 and Shimmer GSR3.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Exploring the Applications of Explainability in Wearable Data Analytics: Systematic Literature Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Pooled it
- Muscle relaxation enhances motor imagery capacity in people with anxiety: A randomized clinical trial.PloS one · 2025Trial
- Digital and Biomarker-Based Monitoring for Schizophrenia-Treatment Adherence.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2026Review
- Standardized synchronization and validation pipeline for physiological biomarkers across multiple devices.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- Emotional Regulation and Physiological Responses to a Cultural Heritage Virtual Reality Experience in Older Adults: Mixed Methods Study.JMIR aging · 2026Article
- Reliability Assessment of Wearable Technologies for Physiological Measurements: An Evaluation of Shimmer3 GSR+, Empatica E4, EmbracePlus, and Pixel Watch 2 Across Cognitive, Affective and Physical Activity Tasks.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Utilization of electrodermal activity in nursing research: A mapping review.Japan journal of nursing science : JJNS · 2026Review
- An Idiographic, Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding Adolescent-Dog Relationships in the Context of Social Anxiety.Child & youth care forum · 2026Article
- Wearable technologies in clinical trials for drug development: trends and emerging opportunities.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Personalized modeling of stress and blood pressure reactivity using mobile health data.Npj mental health research · 2026Article
- Psychophysiological Responses in Virtual Reality for Assessing Current Nicotine Use and Future Addiction Risk Among Young Adults: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Decision-making performance and motor skill consistency in basketball short pass-shot sequences under different levels of mental fatigue: an integrated psychophysiological dynamics analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Article
- A comprehensive survey on securing the social internet of things: protocols, threat mitigation, technological integrations, tools, and performance metrics.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Validity of Empatica E4 Wristband for Detection of Autonomic Dysfunction Compared to Established Laboratory Testing.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Validation of the Fitbit Charge 5 for the Detection of Heart Rate and Electrodermal Activity.Psychophysiology · 2025Article
- A Multimodal Neurophysiological Approach to Evaluate Educational Contents in Terms of Cognitive Processes and Engagement.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Weighted Repeated Measures Correlation Coefficient: A New Correlation Coefficient for Handling Missing Data With Repeated Measures.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
- A Bayesian analysis of heart rate variability changes over acute episodes of bipolar disorder.Npj mental health research · 2024Article
- Wearable Data From Subjects Playing Super Mario, Taking University Exams, or Performing Physical Exercise Help Detect Acute Mood Disorder Episodes via Self-Supervised Learning: Prospective, Exploratory, Observational Study.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2024Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The capability of measuring specific neurophysiological and autonomic parameters plays a crucial role in the objective evaluation of a human's mental and emotional states. These human aspects are commonly known in the scientific literature to be involved in a wide range of processes, such as stress and arousal. These aspects represent a relevant factor especially in real and operational environments. Neurophysiological autonomic parameters, such as Electrodermal Activity (EDA) and Photoplethysmographic data (PPG), have been usually investigated through research-graded devices, therefore resulting in a high degree of invasiveness, which could negatively interfere with the monitored user's activity. For such a reason, in the last decade, recent consumer-grade wearable devices, usually designed for fitness-tracking purposes, are receiving increasing attention from the scientific community, and are characterized by a higher comfort, ease of use and, therefore, by a higher compatibility with daily-life environments. The present preliminary study was aimed at assessing the reliability of a consumer wearable device, i.e., the Fitbit Sense, with respect to a research-graded wearable, i.e., the Empatica E4 wristband, and a laboratory device, i.e., the Shimmer GSR3+. EDA and PPG data were collected among 12 participants while they performed multiple resting conditions. The results demonstrated that the EDA- and PPG-derived features computed through the wearable and research devices were positively and significantly correlated, while the reliability of the consumer device was significantly lower.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.