Trial reportBMC psychiatry2023
Hopefulness among individuals living with schizophrenia and their caregivers in Tanzania: an actor-partner interdependence model.
Trial report in BMC psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT04013932 (Family Psychoeducation for Adults With Psychotic Disorders in Tanzania), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Family Psychoeducation for Adults With Psychotic Disorders in Tanzania (Pilot Clinical Trial of KUPAA)
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Envisioning a Hopeful Future Despite Schizophrenia: The Role of Self-Concept Clarity and Narrative Identity.Scandinavian journal of psychology · 2026Article
- Correction: Hopefulness among individuals living with schizophrenia and their caregivers in Tanzania: an actor-partner interdependence model.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- The mediating role of spiritual well-being in the relationship between self-care agency and hope in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional and correlational study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Dyadic Effects of Stigma and Self-Compassion on Resilience of Schizophrenic Patients and Caregivers During Recovery: An Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHopefulness is a positive orientation or state of mind that can aid in the recovery and treatment of mental illness, as it can have significant impacts on clinical and psychosocial outcomes. As resource-constrained settings work to implement recovery-oriented care, there is a need to better understand hopefulness among people living with schizophrenia (PLWS) and caregivers in their extended family networks. This study seeks to examine the dyadic relationship of hopefulness and its associated correlates among PLWS attending outpatient psychiatric clinics and their caregivers in Tanzania.
methodsThis study utilized baseline and immediate post-intervention data collected as part of a randomized controlled trial testing a culturally tailored model of Family Psychoeducation, KUPAA, in Tanzania. The Herth Hope Index was used to measure hopefulness among PLWS (n = 33) and their caregivers (n = 33) at baseline and immediate post-intervention. Univariable and multivariable regression models were conducted to determine correlates of hopefulness at baseline, while the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) was employed to examine the longitudinal, dyadic relationship of hopefulness among and between PLWS and their caregivers.
resultsBetter family functioning was associated with higher levels of hopefulness in PLWS and their caregivers. Lower levels of stigma, lower symptom severity, and lower disability were associated with higher levels of hopefulness in PLWS. For PLWS and their caregivers, actor effects from the APIM model were less than one (PLWS, [Formula: see text]; caregivers, [Formula: see text]), indicating stability (within each person) in hopefulness over time. Regarding partner effects, a caregiver's baseline hopefulness had a positive effect on the hopefulness of their PLWS at follow-up ([Formula: see text]). This indicates that higher caregiver hope at time 0 is associated with higher levels of hope in PLWS at time 1. Baseline hopefulness levels for PLWS had a negative effect on caregivers' hopefulness at follow-up ([Formula: see text]). This suggests that higher hopefulness among PLWS at baseline is associated with lower levels of hope in caregivers at follow-up.
conclusionHopefulness is important to consider in family or caregiver-based treatments for PLWS because caregiver hopefulness may influence improvements in hopefulness among PLWS over time. Future studies should further explore the longitudinal dyadic relationship of hopefulness for these populations, as hope is a non-pharmacological and modifiable mechanism of change that is underutilized in care and treatment plans for PLWS globally.
trial registrationClinical Trials #NCT04013932, July 10, 2019.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.