ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
Bispecific antibodies targeting CTLA-4: game-changer troopers in cancer immunotherapy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunotherapy for oral cavity tumors: recent advances, key challenges, and future perspectives.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Ineffectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in prostate cancer: is it just a question of '-mabs'?The Journal of pathology · 2026Review
- B Cells and Tumor Immunometabolism: Emerging Insights into Immune Regulation and Therapeutic Resistance.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Rechallenge with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Narrative Review.Liver cancer · 2026Review
- Identification of chondroitin polymerizing factor as a biomarker for predicting immunotherapy response in breast cancer: a bioinformatics analysis of tumor microenvironment.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Overcoming the undruggable barrier: Structure-guided discovery of a potent small molecule CD28 antagonist with translational potential.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2026Article
- Regulating the regulators via targeting CD38 in the tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Bibliometric analysis of immune-related acute kidney injury induced by cancer immunotherapy (2000-2025).Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Synergistic Strategies in Systemic Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2026Review
- Pancreatic cancer in 2025: Have we found a solution?World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Nanomedicine targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in autoimmune diseases: breaking conventional barriers to restore immune tolerance.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Fragment-Based Immune Cell Engager Antibodies in Treatment of Cancer, Infectious and Autoimmune Diseases: Lessons and Insights from Clinical and Translational Studies.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Immunomodulation and Immunotherapy for Patients with Prostate Cancer: An Up-to-Date Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma: mechanisms, immune cell interactions, and the tumour microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Evaluating Tumor Dynamics Using Circulating Tumor DNA in the Rare Cancer Anorectal Malignant Melanoma: A Report of Two Cases.Surgical case reports · 2025Article
- Overcoming drug resistance in castrate-resistant prostate cancer: current mechanisms and emerging therapeutic approaches.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2025Review
- Emerging Mechanisms of Physical Exercise Benefits in Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Cancer Immunotherapy.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics of Approved Bispecific Antibodies.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2024Review
- High-Affinity Superantigen-Based Trifunctional Immune Cell Engager Synergizes NK and T Cell Activation for Tumor Suppression.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Advancements in Understanding the Hide-and-Seek Strategy of Hibernating Breast Cancer Cells and Their Implications in Oncology from a Broader Perspective: A Comprehensive Overview.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antibody-based cancer immunotherapy has become a powerful asset in the arsenal against malignancies. In this regard, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are a ground-breaking novel approach in the therapy of cancers. Recently, BsAbs have represented a significant advancement in improving clinical outcomes. BsAbs are designed to target two different antigens specifically. Over a hundred various BsAb forms currently exist, and more are constantly being manufactured. An antagonistic regulator of T cell activation is cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) or CD152, a second counter-receptor for the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules was introduced in 1996 by Professor James P. Allison and colleagues. Contrary to the explosive success of dual immune checkpoint blockade for treating cancers, a major hurdle still yet persist is that immune-related adverse events (irAEs) observed by combining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) or monoclonal antibodies such as ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1). A promising strategy to overcome this hurdle is using BsAbs. This article will summarize BsAbs targeting CTLA-4, their applications in cancer immunotherapy, and relevant clinical trial advances. We will also discuss the pre-clinical rationale for using these BsAbs, and provide the current landscape of the field.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.