ArticleJournal of patient-reported outcomes2023
Depression trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic: a secondary analysis of the impact of cognitive-appraisal processes.
Article in Journal of patient-reported outcomes, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Toward characterizing brain fog in long COVID: correlates and impact on measurement metrics.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Cognitive appraisal processes and health: from bench to bedside.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Long-COVID symptom burden and the experience of adversity: the importance of response-shift effects over 3 years of the pandemic.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Disabled from work and depressed: cognitive factors associated with exacerbated or attenuated depression over the COVID-19 pandemic.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2024Article
- Individual differences in the long-term impact of the pandemic: moderators of COVID-related hardship, worry, and social support.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2024Article
- Functional Status Correlates of Change and Stability in Appraisal after Spine Surgery: Earlier versus Later Effects.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Reserve-building as a buffer for depression among individuals living with disability: a longitudinal study of current activities related to brain health.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
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3 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study characterized depression trajectories during the COVID pandemic and investigated how appraisal and changes in appraisal over time related to these depression trajectories.
methodsThis longitudinal study of the psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic included 771 people with data at three timepoints over 15.5 months. The depression index was validated using item-response-theory methods and receiver-operating-characteristic curve analysis. The Quality of Life (QOL) Appraisal Profile
resultsSequence analysis generated six trajectory groups: Stably Well (n = 241), Stably Depressed (n = 299), Worsening (n = 79), Improving (n = 83), Fluctuating Pattern 1 (No-Yes-No; n = 41), and Fluctuating Pattern 2 (Yes-No-Yes; n = 28). While all groups engaged in negative appraisal processes when they were depressed, the Stably Depressed group consistently focused on negative aspects of their life. Response-shift effects were revealed such that there were differences in the appraisal-depression relationship over time for standards of comparison and recent changes for the Stably Depressed, and in health goals for those Getting Better.
conclusionThe present work is, to our knowledge, the first study of response-shift effects in depression. During these first 15.5 pandemic months, group differences highlighted the connection between negative appraisals and depression, and response-shift effects in these relationships over time. Egregious life circumstances may play a lesser role for the Stably Depressed but a greater role for people who have transient periods of depression as well as for those with improving trajectories (i.e., endogenous vs. reactive depression). How one thinks about QOL is intrinsically linked to mental health, with clear clinical implications.
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