ArticleHarm reduction journal2023
The motives and methods of methamphetamine and 'heroin' co-use in West Virginia.
Article in Harm reduction journal, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proportion of fentanyl reports in illicit drug seizures and nonfatal overdose emergency department visits in the United States, 2021-2024.The International journal on drug policy · 2026Article
- FAAH rs324420 Polymorphism in People With Opioid and Methamphetamine Use Disorders: Psychological Associations.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Polydrug overdose mortality caused by synthetic opioids and stimulants: current sex- and age-specific trajectories in United States national data for 2018-2024.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Ketamine enhancement of dexmedetomidine attenuation of methamphetamine-induced agitation in rats.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques · 2026Article
- Optimal buprenorphine exposure to treat patients with opioid use disorder in the era of fentanyl and polysubstance use.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- The Donovan Memorial Lecture: 'Fentanyl-Plus': A New Era of Fentanyl Polydrug Combinations in the North American Overdose Crisis.Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology · 2026Article
- Syringe service program leader and participant perspectives on reasons for opioid-stimulant co-use in the United States.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- "It's just what's around these days": social and contextual pragmatism in substance transitions.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Harm reduction in the fourth wave of the opioid epidemic: A case series investigation of the effectiveness of definitive vs presumptive urine drug testing for opioid use disorder with co-occurring polysubstance use.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Tranq burn: Exploring the etiology of xylazine-related soft tissue injuries.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Self-reported pathways through which illicitly manufactured fentanyl enters the stimulant supply: Novel insights from people incarcerated for drug manufacturing and distribution.SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2025Article
- Prevalence of adults with stimulant misuse and/or stimulant use disorder in Massachusetts, USA, 2014-2021.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Is fentanyl in everything? Examining the unexpected occurrence of illicit opioids in British Columbia's drug supply.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Correlates of Alcohol and Drug Harms to Others: Findings From the 2020 U.S. National Alcohol Survey.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2024Article
- U.S. trends in methamphetamine-involved psychiatric hospitalizations in the United States, 2015-2019.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Changes in injecting versus smoking heroin, fentanyl, and methamphetamine among people who inject drugs in San Diego, California, 2020-2023.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Estimating changes in overdose death rates from increasing methamphetamine supply in Ohio: Evidence from crime lab data.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- Strategies to Improve Patient-Centered Care for Drug Use-Associated Infective Endocarditis: JACC Focus Seminar 2/4.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2024Review
- Longitudinal patterns of use of stimulants and opioids in the AIDS linked to the IntraVenous experience cohort, 2005-2019.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Article
- The influence of transformations in supply on methamphetamine initiation among people injecting opioids in the United States.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOpioid and methamphetamine co-use is increasing across the USA with overdoses involving these drugs also rising. West Virginia (WV) has led the US in opioid overdose death rates since at least 2013 and rising co-use of methamphetamine with opioids has played a greater role in deaths over the last 5 years.
methodsThis study used rapid ethnography to examine methods and motivations behind opioids and methamphetamine co-use from the viewpoint of their consumers. Participants (n = 30) were people who injected heroin/fentanyl also using methamphetamine who participated in semi-structured interviews.
resultsWe found multiple methods of co-using opioids and methamphetamine, whether alternately or simultaneously and in varying order. Most prioritized opioids, with motives for using methamphetamine forming three thematic categories: 'intrinsic use', encompassing both inherent pleasure of combined use greater than using both drugs separately or for self-medication of particular conditions; 'opioid assisting use' in which methamphetamine helped people manage their existing heroin/fentanyl use; and 'reluctant or indifferent use' for social participation, reflecting methamphetamine's low cost and easy availability.
conclusionsMethamphetamine serves multiple functions among people using opioids in WV. Beliefs persist that methamphetamine can play a role in preventing and reversing opioid overdose, including some arguments for sequential use being protective of overdose. 'Reluctant' uptake attests to methamphetamine's social use and the influence of supply. The impact on overdose risk of the many varied co-use patterns needs further investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.