ArticleNature2023
Large language models encode clinical knowledge.
Article in Nature, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,612 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparing OpenEvidence and GPT-4 for Diagnostic Reasoning and Management Decisions: A Randomized Trial
Diagnostic Accuracy of Large Language Models (GPT-4o and Claude) in HEART Score Calculation and 30-Day MACE Prediction in Emergency Department Chest Pain Patients: A Prospective Observational Validation Study Against Three-Expert Consensus
Who cites it
1,612 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Fine-Tuning, Retrieval-Augmented Generation, and Hybrid Adaptation of Language Models for Clinical Decision-Making in Health Care: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Improvement of Clinical Practice Guideline Appraisal by Human Experts and AI Agents by Using Structured Guidance: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Validation Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Generative large language models in the clinical management of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- CURENet: combining unified representations for efficient chronic disease prediction.Health information science and systems · 2026Article
- Fine-grained evaluation of a domain-specific Q&A dataset to support trustworthy medical language models.Health information science and systems · 2026Article
- Combating antimicrobial resistance through multimodal data via artificial intelligence.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Real-world use and evaluation of a generative AI chatbot for Parkinson's disease information: a prospective observational study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Embracing Digital as a Paradigm Shift in Medical Affairs.Pharmaceutical medicine · 2026Review
- How much do language and context affect the accuracy of AI health advice?BMJ health & care informatics · 2026Article
- Automating the triage of rheumatology outpatient referrals: a comparative evaluation of 23 large language models under simple and advanced prompting.Rheumatology international · 2026Article
- Safety-Filter Fallback on Consumer Health Questions During the Initial Claude Fable 5 Deployment: Observational Study.JMIR AI · 2026Article
- Extraction of Pain Severity and Functional Interference From Clinical Narratives Using Domain-Informed Large Language Models: Protocol for a Development and Validation Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Advancing Patient-Centred AI With Adaptive Machine Learning.Cancer medicine · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence in orthopaedics should be built with surgeons, not just for them!Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2026Article
- The consensus-based CINEX guideline for reporting clinical information extraction studies.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2026Article
- Entity-centric evaluation of large language model responses for medical question-answering tasks.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Reply to the Comment: Comparing ChatGPT and Dental Students' Performance in an Introduction to Dental Anatomy Examination.European journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Prospective evaluation of a large language model clinical decision support system in the emergency department.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- An open vision-language model for diverse medical applications.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Performance of large language models on the Japanese cardiovascular surgery board examination: a comparative analysis of eight contemporary AI models with educational implications.General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery · 2026Article
1,552 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
32 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities, but the bar for clinical applications is high. Attempts to assess the clinical knowledge of models typically rely on automated evaluations based on limited benchmarks. Here, to address these limitations, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing medical question answering datasets spanning professional medicine, research and consumer queries and a new dataset of medical questions searched online, HealthSearchQA. We propose a human evaluation framework for model answers along multiple axes including factuality, comprehension, reasoning, possible harm and bias. In addition, we evaluate Pathways Language Model
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.