ArticleOrthopaedic journal of sports medicine2023
Team Physicians in Men's and Women's Professional Sports Leagues: Gender Representation and Career Path Analysis.
Article in Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Litigation Against Physicians Caring for Collegiate Athletes in the United States.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Race and Sex Concordance Between Players and Team Physicians in U.S. Women's Professional Leagues.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Demographic and training descriptive analysis of National and American Hockey League team physicians.Journal of orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Persistent Gender Disparity in Authorship of Arthroscopic Surgery Research.Arthroscopy, sports medicine, and rehabilitation · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The most common orthopaedic fellowship is for sports medicine, but few fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons fill roles as team physicians. Gender disparities within the field of orthopaedics, coupled with male-dominated professional sports leagues in the United States, may lead to lower representation of women as professional team physicians. Purpose: To (1) determine the career path trajectories of current head team physicians in professional sports, (2) quantify gender disparities across team physician representation, and (3) further characterize professional profiles of team physicians appointed to women's and men's professional sports leagues in the United States. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of professional sports head team physicians in 8 major American sports leagues: American football (National Football League), baseball (Major League Baseball), basketball (National Basketball Association and Women's National Basketball Association), hockey (National Hockey League and National Women's Hockey League), and soccer (Major League Soccer and National Women's Soccer League). Online searches were used to compile information on gender, specialty, medical school, residency, fellowship, years in practice, clinical practice type, practice setting, and research productivity. Differences according to league type (men's vs women's leagues) were analyzed with the chi-square test for categorical variables, Results: Within the 172 professional sports teams, 183 head team physicians were identified, including 170 men (92.9%) and 13 women (7.1%). Team physicians in both men's and women's sports leagues were predominantly men. Overall, 96.7% of team physicians in men's leagues were men, and 73.3% of team physicians in women's leagues were men ( Conclusion: Study findings indicated disparities in gender, practice experience, and physician specialty representation among team physicians in men's versus women's professional sports leagues.
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Registered trials
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