ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2023
The immunology of long COVID.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 237 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
237 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Stellate Ganglion Block in the Treatment of Long COVID: A Systematic Review.Current pain and headache reports · 2026Pooled it
- Association between COVID-19 and New-Onset Autoimmune Diseases: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 97 Million Individuals.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of vaccination on prevention of long COVID.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Dietary Supplementation for Fatigue Symptoms in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)-A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Beau's Lines and COVID-19; A Systematic Review on Their Association.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- Losartan and prednisolone for post-COVID syndrome and cardiac inflammation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Acupressure and Qigong in post-infectious fatigue with impaired physical function: a randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Trial
- Plasma exchange therapy for the post COVID-19 condition: a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Brief Outpatient Rehabilitation Program for Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Pulmonary Function and Survival 1 Year After Dupilumab Treatment of Acute Moderate to Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Follow-up Study From a Phase 2a Trial.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Brain-binding auto-antibodies in subjects with and without post-COVID-syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Autoimmune-associated thrombosis: mechanisms, population burden, and prevention strategies.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Review
- Neurological Manifestations of Long COVID: Current Evidence, Emerging Concepts, and Future Perspectives.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- A Dual-Membrane Biomimetic Nanoplatform Enables Triple-Modal Therapy Against SARS-CoV-2 Through Viral Decoy, Inflammation Neutralizing, and Intracellular RNAi.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- ACE2-like Catalytic Activity in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Monoclonal Antibodies.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Recent Advances in the Design of Inhibitors Targeting the Viral Entry and Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus, Driven by In Silico Approaches.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Article
- COVID-19 Is Airborne AIDS: Provocative Oversimplification, Emerging Science, or Something in Between?AJPM focus · 2026Review
- Subjective and objective working memory deficits in the post-acute phase of COVID-19 in a clinical trial population.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
177 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Long COVID is the patient-coined term for the disease entity whereby persistent symptoms ensue in a significant proportion of those who have had COVID-19, whether asymptomatic, mild or severe. Estimated numbers vary but the assumption is that, of all those who had COVID-19 globally, at least 10% have long COVID. The disease burden spans from mild symptoms to profound disability, the scale making this a huge, new health-care challenge. Long COVID will likely be stratified into several more or less discrete entities with potentially distinct pathogenic pathways. The evolving symptom list is extensive, multi-organ, multisystem and relapsing-remitting, including fatigue, breathlessness, neurocognitive effects and dysautonomia. A range of radiological abnormalities in the olfactory bulb, brain, heart, lung and other sites have been observed in individuals with long COVID. Some body sites indicate the presence of microclots; these and other blood markers of hypercoagulation implicate a likely role of endothelial activation and clotting abnormalities. Diverse auto-antibody (AAB) specificities have been found, as yet without a clear consensus or correlation with symptom clusters. There is support for a role of persistent SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs and/or an effect of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, and evidence from immune subset changes for broad immune perturbation. Thus, the current picture is one of convergence towards a map of an immunopathogenic aetiology of long COVID, though as yet with insufficient data for a mechanistic synthesis or to fully inform therapeutic pathways.
Indexed as
Identifiers
37433988What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.