ArticleJCPP advances2022
Differences in cortical morphology and child internalizing or externalizing problems: Accounting for the co-occurrence.
Article in JCPP advances, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations between transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology and brain structure and function in youth: What have we learned from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study?Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Using deep learning to predict internalizing problems from brain structure in youth.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Using deep learning to predict internalizing problems from brain structure in youth.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Mapping potential pathways from polygenic liability through brain structure to psychological problems across the transition to adolescence.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2024Article
- Differences in cortical morphology and child internalizing or externalizing problems: Accounting for the co-occurrence.JCPP advances · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Childhood internalizing and externalizing problems frequently co-occur. Many studies report neural correlates of either internalizing or externalizing problems, but few account for their co-occurrence. We aimed to assess specific cortical substrates of these psychiatric problems. Methods: We used data from 9635 children aged 9-11 years in the baseline Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Internalizing and externalizing problem composite scales scores were derived from the Child Behavior Checklist. We standardized FreeSurfer-derived volumes of 68 cortical regions. We examined internalizing and externalizing problems separately and jointly (covariate-adjustment) in relation to cortical volumes, with and without adjusting for total brain volume (TBV) in multivariate linear regressions adjusted for demographics and multiple comparisons. We fit bifactor models to confirm the consistency of patterns exploring specific internalizing and specific externalizing problems. Sensitivity analyses included a vertex-wide analysis and a replication in another large population-based study. Results: In separate TBV-unadjusted analyses, externalizing and internalizing problems were associated with smaller cortical volumes. If adjusted for externalizing behavior, however, larger cortical volumes were associated with internalizing problems, while smaller cortical volumes remained associated with externalizing problems after adjustment for internalizing problems. The bifactor model produced similar results, which were consistently replicated in another pre-adolescent neuroimaging sample. These associations likely represent global effects: adjusting for TBV rendered most associations non-significant. Vertex-wise analyses confirmed global patterns. Conclusion: Our results suggest that internalizing and externalizing problems have globally opposing, and non-specific associations with cortical morphology in childhood, which are only apparent if analyses account for their co-occurrence.
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