ArticlePsychological medicine2023
Predictors of diagnostic conversion from major depression to bipolar disorder: a Swedish national longitudinal study.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictors of conversion from major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder: A population-based PADRIS-PRESTO cohort study in Catalonia.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Article
- A preliminary cross-sectional study of bipolarity and primary pharmacotherapy in long-term stable patients with major depressive disorder.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Conversion From Psychotic Unipolar Depression to Bipolar and Psychotic Disorders: A Swedish Registry-Based Study.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- The risk for major depression and bipolar disorder in the offspring of informative parental mating types: a Swedish population-based study.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Who transitions to bipolar disorder? A comparison of major depressive disorder, anxiety, and ADHD.Journal of affective disorders · 2025Article
- Outpatient Management of Bipolar Disorder in Older Adults.Current psychiatry reports · 2025Review
- Mortality in patients with major depressive disorder: A nationwide population-based cohort study with 11-year follow-up.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2024Article
- A Plea for Nuance: Should People with a Family History of Bipolar Disorder Be Excluded from Clinical Trials of Psilocybin Therapy?Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIt is clinically important to predict the conversion of major depression (MD) to bipolar disorder (BD). Therefore, we sought to identify related conversion rates and risk factors.
methodsThis cohort study included the Swedish population born from 1941 onward. Data were collected from Swedish population-based registers. Potential risk factors, including family genetic risk scores (FGRS), which were calculated based on the phenotypes of relatives in the extended family and not molecular data, and demographic/clinical characteristics from these registers were retrieved. Those with first MD registrations from 2006 were followed up until 2018. The conversion rate to BD and related risk factors were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. Additional analyses were performed for late converters and with stratification by sex.
resultsThe cumulative incidence of conversion was 5.84% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 5.72-5.96] for 13 years. In the multivariable analysis, the strongest risk factors for conversion were high FGRS of BD [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.73, 95% CI 2.43-3.08], inpatient treatment settings (HR = 2.64, 95% CI 2.44-2.84), and psychotic depression (HR = 2.58, 95% CI 2.14-3.11). For late converters, the first registration of MD during the teenage years was a stronger risk factor when compared with the baseline model. When the interactions between risk factors and sex were significant, stratification by sex revealed that they were more predictive in females.
conclusionsFamily history of BD, inpatient treatment, and psychotic symptoms were the strongest predictors of conversion from MD to BD.
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