ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2023
Long COVID Clinical Phenotypes up to 6 Months After Infection Identified by Latent Class Analysis of Self-Reported Symptoms.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Oral Manifestations in the Post COVID-19 Condition: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.Reviews in medical virology · 2025Pooled it
- Antecedent and persistent symptoms in COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses: Insights from prospectively collected data in the BRACE trial.The Journal of infection · 2024Trial
- Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Consequences of Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Long COVID longitudinal symptoms burden clusters within a national community-based cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- A retrospective cohort study of viral and sociodemographic determinants of long COVID among Idaho veterans.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- COVID-19-associated neurological and psychological manifestations.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Long COVID Longitudinal Symptoms Burden Clusters Within A National Community-Based Cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Differences in Patient Reported Well-Being and Cognitive Functioning Within 3 Months of Symptomatic Illness During COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Cognitive Impairments in Two Samples of Individuals with ME/CFS and Long COVID: A Comparative Analysis.Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings · 2025Article
- Variability in Long COVID Definitions and Validation of Published Prevalence Rates.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Association of SARS-CoV-2 With Health-related Quality of Life 1 Year After Illness Using Latent Transition Analysis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Prediction and phenotyping of long COVID in kidney transplant recipients: A cross-sectional study.Clinical nephrology · 2025Article
- Differences in Long COVID severity by duration of illness, symptom evolution, and vaccination: a longitudinal cohort study from the INSPIRE group.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Integration of T cell repertoire, CyTOF, genotyping and symptomatology data reveals subphenotypic variability in COVID-19 patients.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Participant engagement in a national longitudinal study of COVID-19: Insights from the INSPIRE study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Effects of long COVID on healthcare utilization.PloS one · 2025Observational
- Epidemiology, Immunology and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 (EPICFrontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Review
- Postacute Sequelae of COVID (PASC or Long COVID): An Evidenced-Based Approach.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: The prevalence, incidence, and interrelationships of persistent symptoms after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection vary. There are limited data on specific phenotypes of persistent symptoms. Using latent class analysis (LCA) modeling, we sought to identify whether specific phenotypes of COVID-19 were present 3 months and 6 months post-infection. Methods: This was a multicenter study of symptomatic adults tested for SARS-CoV-2 with prospectively collected data on general symptoms and fatigue-related symptoms up to 6 months postdiagnosis. Using LCA, we identified symptomatically homogenous groups among COVID-positive and COVID-negative participants at each time period for both general and fatigue-related symptoms. Results: Among 5963 baseline participants (4504 COVID-positive and 1459 COVID-negative), 4056 had 3-month and 2856 had 6-month data at the time of analysis. We identified 4 distinct phenotypes of post-COVID conditions (PCCs) at 3 and 6 months for both general and fatigue-related symptoms; minimal-symptom groups represented 70% of participants at 3 and 6 months. When compared with the COVID-negative cohort, COVID-positive participants had higher occurrence of loss of taste/smell and cognition problems. There was substantial class-switching over time; those in 1 symptom class at 3 months were equally likely to remain or enter a new phenotype at 6 months. Conclusions: We identified distinct classes of PCC phenotypes for general and fatigue-related symptoms. Most participants had minimal or no symptoms at 3 and 6 months of follow-up. Significant proportions of participants changed symptom groups over time, suggesting that symptoms present during the acute illness may differ from prolonged symptoms and that PCCs may have a more dynamic nature than previously recognized.
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