ReviewFrontiers in molecular biosciences2023
When the allergy alarm bells toll: The role of Toll-like receptors in allergic diseases and treatment.
Review in Frontiers in molecular biosciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of pre- and postnatal probiotic and ω-3 fatty acid supplementation on cytokine and chemokine responses to allergens and TLR ligands during infancy.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2026Article
- Regulation of mCell biology and toxicology · 2026Review
- Early-life microbiota exposure and prevention of childhood asthma: immunological mechanisms and intervention perspectives.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- Context-dependent roles of the gut microbiome in food allergy tolerance versus sensitization.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Special Issue "Molecular Mechanisms of Allergy and Asthma: 3rd Edition".International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Use of bidirectional Mendelian randomization to unveil the association between antibody-mediated immune responses to infectious agents and allergic rhinitis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory properties of probiotic extracellular vesicles- do they have the potential to fill the gap in therapeutic strategies for allergies?Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Diet Components, Immune Function and IgE-Mediated Food Allergy.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Impact of toll-like receptors on food allergy: mechanisms involved and scientific evidence.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2025Review
- Update on HDM Allergy: Principal Changes over the Years.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Integration of functional genomics and statistical fine-mapping systematically characterizes adult-onset and childhood-onset asthma genetic associations.Genome medicine · 2025Article
- Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) polymorphisms and asthma risk in rural and urban settings: findings from the UK biobank.Upsala journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- PWAS Hub for exploring gene-based associations of common complex diseases.Genome research · 2024Article
- Review
- The gut-airway microbiome axis in health and respiratory diseases.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2024Review
- TLR2 and TLR4 Are Expressed in Epiretinal Membranes: Possible Links with Vitreous Levels of Complement Fragments and DAMP-Related Proteins.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Intranasal administration of a synthetic TLR4 agonist INI-2004 significantly reduces allergy symptoms following therapeutic administration in a murine model of allergic sensitization.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Tolerogenic dendritic cells and TLR4/IRAK4/NF-κB signaling pathway in allergic rhinitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Toll-like receptors of the human immune system are specialized pathogen detectors able to link innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR ligands include among others bacteria-, mycoplasma- or virus-derived compounds such as lipids, lipo- and glycoproteins and nucleic acids. Not only are genetic variations in TLR-related genes associated with the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis, their expression also differs between allergic and non-allergic individuals. Due to a complex interplay of genes, environmental factors, and allergen sources the interpretation of TLRs involved in immunoglobulin E-mediated diseases remains challenging. Therefore, it is imperative to dissect the role of TLRs in allergies. In this review, we discuss i) the expression of TLRs in organs and cell types involved in the allergic immune response, ii) their involvement in modulating allergy-associated or -protective immune responses, and iii) how differential activation of TLRs by environmental factors, such as microbial, viral or air pollutant exposure, results in allergy development. However, we focus on iv) allergen sources interacting with TLRs, and v) how targeting TLRs could be employed in novel therapeutic strategies. Understanding the contributions of TLRs to allergy development allow the identification of knowledge gaps, provide guidance for ongoing research efforts, and built the foundation for future exploitation of TLRs in vaccine design.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.