ReviewCureus2023
Influence of Lifestyle Changes on Cardiovascular Diseases in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Literature Review.
Review in Cureus, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- National Heart Center/Saudi Heart Association 2025 Guidelines for Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention and Risk Assessment.Saudi medical journal · 2026Guideline
- Prediabetes in adult Saudis: a systematic review & meta-analysis of prevalence studies (2000-2024).PeerJ · 2025Pooled it
- Diet Modification in Saudi Women Living With Cardiovascular Disease: A Qualitative Study of Barriers and Motivators.The journal of nursing research : JNR · 2026Article
- Awareness of the Mediterranean Diet and its Perceived Effect on Cardiovascular Health in the Western Region, Saudi Arabia.Saudi medical journal · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Risk Awareness Among Adults in the Northern Border Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study with Emphasis on Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Young Healthy Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Pilot Study of Preliminary CIMT Measurements and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Using a Handheld Ultrasound Device.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association Between Lifestyle Factors and the Prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases in Saudi Adults Across Different Age Groups: A Cross-Sectional Study.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Associated Factors of Renal Disease in Saudi Residents Attending Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Predictors of exercise participation among Saudi adults attending primary healthcare centers in Riyadh.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Women's cardiovascular health in 2025:Saudi medical journal · 2026Review
- Lipid ratios as early screening markers of dyslipidemia in normal-BMI university students: a cross-sectional epidemiologic study.Archives of medical sciences. Atherosclerotic diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Healthy Lifestyle Interventions for Non-communicable Disease Prevention in Saudi Arabia: A Scoping Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Temporal trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors attributed burden in Iran, 1990-2021.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Assessing the Impact of Community Health Coaching on Self-Management of Chronic Illness Among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Approach.Clinical interventions in aging · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Epilepsy Among the Adult Saudi Population: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Article
- Satisfaction-Behavior Paradox in Lifestyle Choices: A Cross-Sectional Study of Health Behaviors and Satisfaction Levels in Jazan, Saudi Arabia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Predictors of physical activity and public safety perception regarding technology adoption for promoting physical activity in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In Saudi Arabia, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has undergone tremendous socio-economic development and urbanization over the past few decades, which has profoundly changed the lifestyle leading to several risk factors that contribute to the high prevalence of CVD. This systematic review identified significant lifestyle factors associated with CVD risk in order to inform effective interventions to decrease the CVD burden in Saudi Arabia. We researched all published articles and reports evaluating CVD risk factors in Saudi Arabia in the last four years from the following databases: Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase. A total of 19 articles and 1 report were included. Physical inactivity was among 69.4% of the population, mostly among Saudi women, and was associated with 1.4-1.5 odds of CVD. Obesity prevalence was 49.6%-57% and was associated with more odds of CVD among women than men (3.3 odds vs. 2.38 odds). More than a third (34.4%) of the Saudi population studied ate unhealthy diets (rich in fat, poor in fibers, less vegetables and fruits, and ultra-processed), which was found to more than triple (almost quadruple) the CVD risks (OR=3.8). Smoking prevalence was 12.2%-26.2% and was more among men. Other factors, such as type 2 diabetes (OR=2.3) and stress (5.4%-16.9%), were also identified as factors. The prevalence of CVD lifestyle-related risk factors is still high in Saudi Arabia, especially physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, obesity, and smoking, which highlights the urgent need for lifestyle modifications and public health campaigns and collaboration among the Saudi government and its partners to effectively improve cardiovascular health in Saudi Arabia.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.