ReviewDrugs in context2023
Individuals at risk for severe COVID-19 in whom ritonavir-containing therapies are contraindicated or may lead to interactions with concomitant medications: a retrospective analysis of German health insurance claims data.
Review in Drugs in context, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- The need of preexposure prophylaxis against COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients- an assessment from Germany.Infection · 2025Article
- An orally available P1'-5-fluorinated MPNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the drug-drug interactions management system for appropriate use of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir: a retrospective observational study.Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences · 2024Article
- Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro) as Anti-Coronavirus Agents.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Article
- Ritonavir: 25 Years' Experience of Concomitant Medication Management. A Narrative Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2024Review
- Budget impact of oral nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in adults at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19 in the United States.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 but has several contraindications and potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) due to ritonavir-induced irreversible inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4. We aimed to assess the prevalence of individuals with one or more risk factors for severe COVID-19 along with contraindications and pDDIs due to ritonavir-containing COVID-19 therapy. Methods: Retrospective observational study of individuals with one or more risk factors according to Robert Koch Institute criteria for severe COVID-19 according to German statutory health insurance (SHI) claims data from the pre-pandemic years 2018-2019 based on the German Analysis Database for Evaluation and Health Services Research. Prevalence was extrapolated to the entire SHI population using age-adjusted and sex-adjusted multiplication factors. Results: Nearly 2.5 million fully insured adults, representing 61 million people in the German SHI population, were included in the analysis. In 2019, prevalence of individuals that would have been at risk of severe COVID-19 was 56.4%. Amongst them, the prevalence of contraindications for treatment with ritonavir-containing COVID-19 therapy was approximately 2% according to presence of somatic comorbidities (severe liver or kidney disease). Prevalence of intake of medicines contraindicated for their potential interactions with ritonavir-containing COVID-19 therapy was 16.5% according to Summary of Product Characteristics and 31.8% according to previously published data. The prevalence of individuals at risk of pDDIs during ritonavir-containing COVID-19 therapy without adjustment of their concomitant therapy was 56.0% and 44.3%, respectively. Prevalence data for 2018 were similar. Conclusion: Administering ritonavir-containing COVID-19 therapy can be challenging as thorough medical record review and close monitoring are required. In some cases, ritonavir-containing treatment may not be appropriate due to contraindications, risk of pDDIs, or both. For those individuals, an alternative ritonavir-free treatment should be considered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.