ReviewNature immunology2023
Early-life respiratory infections and developmental immunity determine lifelong lung health.
Review in Nature immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between prenatal vitamin D supplementation and respiratory diseases in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Dynamic balance of the lung microbiome in health and respiratory diseases.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Early Environments, Lasting Effects: Air Pollution, Microbes, and Respiratory Infection Risk in Children.Pediatric pulmonology · 2026Review
- Longitudinal Study of Subsequent Wheezing/Asthma Risk Among Children Hospitalized for Acute Respiratory Infections - Yichang City, Hubei Province, China, 2017-2024.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the Effects of an Immune-Boosting Food Supplement on the Severity and Frequency of Pediatric Respiratory Tract Infections: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Interplay of the nasal microbiome and epigenome among adolescents.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Article
- Risk of influenza and COVID-19 illness and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a TriNetX cohort with 5-year follow-up.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2026Article
- Microbiome-Metabolome Axis in BALF Reveals Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers for Congenital Heart Disease-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Article
- The airway epithelial-immune axis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Maternal microchimerism at birth associates with reduced odds of non-malarial fever and respiratory tract infections in Tanzanian children.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Epidemiological characteristics of bacterial lower respiratory tract infections in Jingzhou, Central China, 2020-2024.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Characteristics and risk factors for outcomes in patients withInfectious Disease Modelling · 2025Article
- Childhood skeletal lesions common in prehistory are present in living forager-farmers and predict adult markers of immune function.Science advances · 2025Article
- Towards early detection and disease interception of COPD across the lifespan.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
- The impact of child and adolescent health on adult respiratory health: the evidence, gaps and priorities.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
- Development of a Clinical Risk Assessment Score for Respiratory Distress Due to Respiratory Infections in Early Infancy.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The intricate interplay among microbiota, mucosal immunity, and viral infection in the respiratory tract.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Location, Location, Location: Spatial Immune-Stroma Crosstalk Drives Pathogenesis in Asthma.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Mendelian randomization evidence for lung function mediates the association between childhood allergies (age <16 years) and essential hypertension.Reproductive and developmental medicine · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Respiratory infections are common in infants and young children. However, the immune system develops and matures as the child grows, thus the effects of infection during this time of dynamic change may have long-term consequences. The infant immune system develops in conjunction with the seeding of the microbiome at the respiratory mucosal surface, at a time that the lungs themselves are maturing. We are now recognizing that any disturbance of this developmental trajectory can have implications for lifelong lung health. Here, we outline our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying relationships between immune and structural cells in the lung with the local microorganisms. We highlight the importance of gaining greater clarity as to what constitutes a healthy respiratory ecosystem and how environmental exposures influencing this network will aid efforts to mitigate harmful effects and restore lung immune health.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.