ArticleJournal of youth and adolescence2023
Kept in the Closet: Structural Stigma and the Timing of Sexual Minority Developmental Milestones Across 28 European Countries.
Article in Journal of youth and adolescence, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Milestones, revisited: Iterative and nonlinear identity development in Gen-Z.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2026Article
- Clarifying the Association Between Proximal Minority Stress and Relationship Satisfaction Among Partnered Latter-day Saint Sexual Minoritized Adults: The Roles of Authenticity and Community Connectedness.Journal of social and personal relationships · 2026Article
- How do substance and polysubstance use trajectories differ by sexual attraction from ages 17 to 24? A community-based longitudinal cohort study in Switzerland.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Sexual Identity Development Milestones, Latent Profiles, and Proximal Minority Stressors in Australia's Generation Z.Psychological science · 2025Article
- Patterns and correlates of dating and intimate relationship involvement among sexual minority adolescents.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2025Article
- Mental Health and Substance Use Disparities by Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Among Delaware Youth.Delaware journal of public health · 2025Article
- Article
- The Changes in ICD-11 Related to Sexual Health and Dysfunction and Their Implication for Clinical Practice.Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry · 2025Review
- Future Research Directions on "The Closet" as Metaphor and Reality.Archives of sexual behavior · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Structural stigma's role in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people's attainment of identity development milestones remains unknown. In a sample of 111,498 LGB people (ages 15 to 65+) living across 28 European countries, associations were investigated between structural stigma measured using an objective index of discriminatory country-level laws and policies affecting LGB people and the timing and pacing of LGB self-awareness, coming out, and closet duration, and subgroup differences in these associations. On average, self-awareness occurred at age 14.8 years old (SD = 5.1), coming out occurred at 18.5 years old (SD = 5.7), and the closet was 3.9 years long (SD = 4.9); thereby highlighting adolescence as a key period for sexual identity development and disclosure. Greater structural stigma was associated with higher odds of never coming out, later age of coming out, and longer closet duration. Gender identity, transgender identity, and sexual identity moderated associations between structural stigma and these developmental milestones. Reducing structural stigma can plausibly promote sexual identity development among LGB populations, especially during adolescence when identity related milestones are often attained.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.