ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2023
Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Long COVID.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 104 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding how social determinants of health shape Long COVID outcomes: a rapid review of evidence.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Factors affecting the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on post COVID-19 conditions among adults: A systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of vaccination on prevention of long COVID.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Symptom Trajectories and Clinical Subtypes in Post-COVID-19 Condition: Systematic Review and Clustering Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- The risk of Long Covid symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and symptoms of Long Covid-19 in the workplace.Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2024Pooled it
- Biases and limitations in observational studies of Long COVID prevalence and risk factors: A rapid systematic umbrella review.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy of a psychotherapeutic group intervention for patients with Post-COVID-19 condition: a randomized controlled trial (PsyLoCo study).BMC psychology · 2026Trial
- Vitamins K2 and D3 Improve Long COVID, Fungal Translocation, and Inflammation: Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Long COVID symptom profiles, workforce participation, and working hours among adults in England: a population-based cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Consequences of Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Neurocognitive and psychological symptoms in post COVID-19 patients (PASC24): prospective cohort study protocol.BMJ open · 2026Observational
- Long COVID and Its Impact on Daily Functioning: Findings from the Si-Panda Behavioural Insights Survey in Slovenia.Zdravstveno varstvo · 2026Article
- Incidence, risk factors and sequelae of long/post-COVID in people with diabetes compared to people without diabetes in Germany (longcovid-diab): a study protocol.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Comparative Gut Microbiome Alterations in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Long COVID-19 Syndrome.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Exploring post-Covid-19 condition in children and young people 3.5 years after infection: a mixed-methods analysis from the CLoCk study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Impact of long COVID on diverse Australian populations: a multi-site, longitudinal prospective cohort study protocol.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the prospective associations of long COVID with incident cardiometabolic and respiratory diseases from a population-based longitudinal study in Michigan.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Review
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Long COVID occurs in those infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) whose symptoms persist or develop beyond the acute phase. We conducted a systematic review to determine the prevalence of persistent symptoms, functional disability, or pathological changes in adults or children at least 12 weeks postinfection. Methods: We searched key registers and databases from January 1, 2020 to November 2, 2021, limited to publications in English and studies with at least 100 participants. Studies in which all participants were critically ill were excluded. Long COVID was extracted as prevalence of at least 1 symptom or pathology, or prevalence of the most common symptom or pathology, at 12 weeks or later. Heterogeneity was quantified in absolute terms and as a proportion of total variation and explored across predefined subgroups (PROSPERO ID CRD42020218351). Results: One hundred twenty studies in 130 publications were included. Length of follow-up varied between 12 weeks and 12 months. Few studies had low risk of bias. All complete and subgroup analyses except 1 had I Conclusions: The way in which Long COVID is defined and measured affects prevalence estimation. Given the widespread nature of SARS-CoV-2 infection globally, the burden of chronic illness is likely to be substantial even using the most conservative estimates.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.