SynthesisFrontiers in oncology2023
Checkpoint inhibitors as dual immunotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in oncology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 plus CTLA-4 inhibitors in advanced/metastatic NSCLC: a meta-analysis based on RCTs.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- First-line therapies with maintenance regimens for driver gene-negative advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a systematic review and network meta-analysis of 61 randomized trials.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- PD-L1-negative triple-negative breast cancer exhibited a remarkable response to cadonilimab: a case report.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence in Histopathological Analysis for Predicting Immunotherapy Response in Cutaneous Melanoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Treatment of NSCLC after chemoimmunotherapy - are we making headway?Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Comparative efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors versus docetaxel in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Biomarkers and ImmuneScores in lung cancer: predictive insights for immunotherapy and combination treatment strategies.Biological procedures online · 2025Review
- Association Between Cutaneous Immune-Related Adverse Events and Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Eftilagimod Alpha (a Soluble LAG-3 Protein) Combined With Pembrolizumab in Second-Line Metastatic NSCLC Refractory to Anti-Programmed Cell Death Protein 1/Programmed Death-Ligand 1-Based Therapy: Final Results from a Phase 2 Study.JTO clinical and research reports · 2024Article
- Overcoming Resistance to Checkpoint Inhibitors with Combination Strategies in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Cancers · 2024Review
- Investigation of the potential effects of estrogen receptor modulators on immune checkpoint molecules.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Case report: Complete response in TMB-H advanced uterine clear cell carcinoma: a case analysis of paclitaxel albumin-bound combined with PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific antibody.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Role of sex and sex hormones in PD-L1 expression in NSCLC: clinical and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Recent clinical trials have confirmed that anti-programmed cell death-1/ligand 1 (anti-PD-1/L1) combined with either anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4) or anti-T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) antibodies (dual immunotherapy) produced significant benefits as first-line therapies for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, it also increased the incidence of adverse reactions, which cannot be ignored. Our study aims to explore the efficacy and safety of dual immunotherapies in advanced NSCLC. Methods: This meta-analysis ultimately included nine first-line randomized controlled trials collected from PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases until 13 August 2022. Efficacy was measured as the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and risk ratio (RR) for the objective response rates (ORRs). Treatment safety was assessed by RR of any grade of treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) and grade ≥ 3 TRAEs. Results: Our results demonstrated that, compared to chemotherapy, dual immunotherapy shows durable benefits in OS (HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.69-0.82) and PFS (HR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.67-0.83) across all levels of PD-L1 expression. Subgroup analysis also presented that dual immunotherapy resulted in improved long-term survival compared with chemotherapy in patients with a high tumor mutational burden (TMB) (OS: HR = 0.76, Conclusions: As for the efficacy and safety outcome, compared with standard chemotherapy, dual immunotherapy remains an effective first-line therapy for patients with advanced NSCLC, especially for patients with high TMB levels and squamous cell histology. Furthermore, compared to single-agent immunotherapy, dual immunotherapy is only considered for use in patients with low PD-L1 expression in order to reduce the emergence of resistance to immunotherapy.
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