ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2023
Advancing the 3Rs: innovation, implementation, ethics and society.
Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Measurement of compassion fatigue in animal health care professionals: a systematic review of available instruments and their content validity.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Pooled it
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- Sex-Dependent Responses in the Retina Proteome to Ocular Hypertension in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- LC-MS/MS Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of GS-441524 in Serum and Various Compounded Formulations to Improve the Treatment of Feline Infectious Peritonitis.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- We need less animal research, better animal research, and animal research done for the right reasons.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Organoid models: Regulations and prospects for the development of investigational new drugs.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Peptide-based targeted drug delivery strategies for osteoarthritis treatment.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Review
- Review
- In Ovo CAM-Based Xenograft Model for Investigating Tumor Developmental Biology in Breast Cancer.Bio-protocol · 2026Article
- Incorporating farm animal models for the study of neuropsychiatric diseases: Expansion of the possibilities.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Reflections on the use of living animals in vet education through the creation of physiology didactic biomodels.Brazilian journal of veterinary medicine · 2026Article
- Twenty years of health monitoring in a conventional neuroscience animal facility: challenges, strategies, and 3Rs-oriented approaches to animal welfare, personnel health, and research integrity.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Mapping the ethical and sustainable transition in toxicology: a bibliometric analysis and a review of new approach methodologies.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- A cross-cultural comparison on perception for extended reality (XR) learning environmental simulation of animal drug administration.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Review
- Advancing the 3Rs in bone tissue engineering: emergingFrontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Ciliated epithelial cell differentiation at air-liquid interface and respiratory syncytial virus infection using animal-free media and substrates.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- Ketamine enhances neurological function through neuronal and plasticity-related protein changes in rats with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The 3Rs principle of replacing, reducing and refining the use of animals in science has been gaining widespread support in the international research community and appears in transnational legislation such as the European Directive 2010/63/EU, a number of national legislative frameworks like in Switzerland and the UK, and other rules and guidance in place in countries around the world. At the same time, progress in technical and biomedical research, along with the changing status of animals in many societies, challenges the view of the 3Rs principle as a sufficient and effective approach to the moral challenges set by animal use in research. Given this growing awareness of our moral responsibilities to animals, the aim of this paper is to address the question: Can the 3Rs, as a policy instrument for science and research, still guide the morally acceptable use of animals for scientific purposes, and if so, how? The fact that the increased availability of alternatives to animal models has not correlated inversely with a decrease in the number of animals used in research has led to public and political calls for more radical action. However, a focus on the simple measure of total animal numbers distracts from the need for a more nuanced understanding of how the 3Rs principle can have a genuine influence as a guiding instrument in research and testing. Hence, we focus on three core dimensions of the 3Rs in contemporary research: (1) What scientific
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.