ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2023
Prevalence and gender disparities of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in Esmeraldas, Ecuador: a population-based survey in a hard-to-reach setting.
Article in International journal for equity in health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Ibero-American position statement on therapeutic recommendations for the preventive management of cardiovascular complications in latin-American patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: consensus of the prevention council of the inter-American society of cardiology (SIAC-PREVENT).Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
- Population Heterogeneity of Diabetes in Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Existing Literature.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Ancestry ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- 'The seagull theory: Where people fly in, gather information… fly out and nothing ever comes about': A qualitative exploration of barriers and enablers to research participation among adults with type 2 diabetes living in Australian rural communities.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025Article
- Characteristics associated with optimal blood sugar in individuals living with type 2 diabetes in hard-to-reach rural communities: results of a cross-sectional study in Esmeraldas, Ecuador.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Untangling the role of social support in type 2 diabetes: insights from a mixed methods study in Quito, Ecuador.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Clinical and surgical physician's perception of nutrition knowledge.BMC primary care · 2024Article
- Cardiometabolic diseases and associated risk factors in transitional rural communities in tropical coastal Ecuador.PloS one · 2024Article
- The Global Burden of Type 2 Diabetes Attributable to Dietary Risks: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.Nutrients · 2023Article
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Abstract
backgroundType 2 Diabetes (T2DM) prevalence is increasing in low- and middle-income countries along with high levels of obesity which vary according to socioeconomic and contextual characteristics. We aim to estimate the prevalence of T2DM and obesity in men and women in a hard-to-reach rural area in northern Ecuador considering socio-demographic characteristics.
methodsCross-sectional descriptive study based on a population-based survey in the Eloy Alfaro health district of Esmeraldas between October 2020 and January 2022. We collected sociodemographic information and risk factors for non-communicable diseases with an adapted version of the STEPS survey, performed oral glucose tolerance tests, biochemistry and took physical measurements. We estimated the prevalence of T2DM, obesity, and calculated Odds Ratios (OR) with confidence intervals by logistic regression in Stata v.15.
resultsThe overall prevalence of T2DM was 6.8% (CI95%: 4.9-8.7), markedly higher among women compared to men (10.4%, CI95% 7.3-13.4%, compared 2.0%, CI95% 0.4-3.7% respectively). The risk of having T2DM in women was 5 times higher than in men adjusting for age, ethnicity, employment, household earnings and obesity (OR: 5.03; 95%CI: 1.68-15.01). Regarding age, the risk of T2DM increased by 6% per year (adjusted OR: 1.06; 95%CI: 1.03-1.08). Obesity prevalence was 30.8% (CI95%: 27.3-34.3), in women was nearly three times higher than in men (43.2% CI95%: 38.2-48.2, compared to 14.7% prevalence, CI95%: 10.6-18.8). Indigenous women had a lower prevalence of obesity compared with the Afro-Ecuadorian women (OR: 0.05; 95%CI: 0.02-0.18) after adjusting for age, employment status, household earnings and setting.
conclusionWe found alarming differences between the prevalence of T2DM and obesity in women and men that may be explained by gender roles, exacerbated in the rural context. Health promotion measures with a gender perspective should be adapted according to the characteristics of isolated rural contexts.
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