ArticleMMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report2023
Disparities in COVID-19 Disease Incidence by Income and Vaccination Coverage - 81 Communities, Los Angeles, California, July 2020-September 2021.
Article in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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13 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Excess Mortality Among People with HIV in Florida During the Initial Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Surveillance-Based Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Modeling individual self-protective behavior during epidemics.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Trust in Local Clinics Predict Perceptions of Vaccine Safety and Vaccination Status.Community health equity research & policy · 2026Article
- Accessibility of Ontario pharmacies offering COVID-19 vaccination by rurality, community material deprivation, and ethnic concentration: a repeated cross-sectional geospatial analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Needs and Characteristics of Individuals of Low Socioeconomic Status Using Digital Health Technology to Address Health-Related Social Needs: Mixed Methods Study With Patients and Care Providers.JMIR human factors · 2025Article
- Seroprevalence Trends of Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in South Korea, 2021-2022: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Boost your health (Refuerza tu Salud): Design of a randomized controlled trial of a community health worker intervention to reduce inequities in COVID-19 and influenza vaccinations.Contemporary clinical trials · 2025Article
- Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic Related Healthcare Disruption on Hypertension Control: A Retrospective Analysis of Older Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions in New York City.American journal of hypertension · 2025Article
- How People in Eight European Countries Felt About the Safety, Effectiveness, and Necessity of COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Survey.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19 in Barcelona students.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Article
- U.S. COVID-19 vaccine distribution strategies, systems, performance, and lessons learned, December 2020 - May 2023.Vaccine · 2024Article
- The COVID-19 pandemic and associated declines in cancer incidence by race/ethnicity and census-tract level SES, rurality, and persistent poverty status.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 has disproportionately affected socially vulnerable communities characterized by lower income, lower education attainment, and higher proportions of minority populations, among other factors (1-4). Disparities in COVID-19 incidence and the impact of vaccination on incidence disparities by community income were assessed among 81 communities in Los Angeles, California. Median community vaccination coverage and COVID-19 incidence were calculated across household income strata using a generalized linear mixed effects model with Poisson distribution during three COVID-19 surge periods: two before vaccine availability (July 2020 and January 2021) and the third after vaccines became widely available in April 2021 (September 2021). Adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) during the peak month of each surge were compared across communities grouped by median household income percentile. The aIRR between communities in the lowest and highest median income deciles was 6.6 (95% CI = 2.8-15.3) in July 2020 and 4.3 (95% CI = 1.8-9.9) in January 2021. However, during the September 2021 surge that occurred after vaccines became widely availabile, model estimates did not identify an incidence disparity between the highest- and lowest-income communities (aIRR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.35-1.86). During this surge, vaccination coverage was lowest (59.4%) in lowest-income communities and highest (71.5%) in highest-income communities (p<0.001). However, a significant interaction between income and vaccination on COVID-19 incidence (p<0.001) indicated that the largest effect of vaccination on disease incidence occured in the lowest-income communities. A 20% increase in community vaccination was estimated to have resulted in an additional 8.1% reduction in COVID-19 incidence in the lowest-income communities compared with that in the highest-income communities. These findings highlight the importance of improving access to vaccination and reducing vaccine hesitancy in underserved communities in reducing disparities in COVID-19 incidence.
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