ArticleMMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report2023
Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl-Involved Overdose Deaths with Detected Xylazine - United States, January 2019-June 2022.
Article in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 191 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the Confluence of Animal Medicine and its Implications for Human Health: A Systematic Literature Review.Current neuropharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Communities That HEAL Intervention and Mortality Including Polysubstance Overdose Deaths: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Individual differences in behavioral effects of xylazine and opioid-xylazine mixtures in male rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Discovery, Structural Characterization, and Preclinical Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibodies against Xylazine Poisoning.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Xylazine-Fentanyl Positivity and Concentration in Urine Drug Tests.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Characterizing pediatric xylazine exposures reported to United States poison centers, 2010-2024.Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Brief report: Meth, tranq, gas station heroin & other drugs complicating addiction treatment.The American journal on addictions · 2026Article
- Navigating an unpredictable supply: lived experiences of xylazine exposure among people who use drugs.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Xylazine in Ohio: Insights from individuals with criminal legal system involvement and a history of illicit stimulant use.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- The Polysubstance Assessment Tool: Reliability, acceptability and feasibility of a novel measure of polysubstance use.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Substance abuse and inflammation: consequences beyond the brain.Trends in immunology · 2026Review
- Crack/cocaine use to manage xylazine exposure in fentanyl in Connecticut: findings from a convergent mixed methods study.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Xylazine potentiates the interoceptive effects of fentanyl in male and female rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Shifting Demographics and Polysubstance Drivers of Overdose Mortality in Pennsylvania (1999-2020).Cureus · 2026Article
- Zeroing in on xylazine - a mixed methods study to explore correlates of reported xylazine use and educational gaps among people who use drugs.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Xylazine exacerbates fentanyl-induced respiratory depression and prevents rescue by naloxone in mice.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- A Review of Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agents Implicated in Opioid Use Disorder.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2026Review
- Characterizing patterns of opioid and stimulant use by route and associations with non-fatal overdose and xylazine use in people who have injected drugs from Baltimore, MD, 2023-2024.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Xylazine test strip utilization among pregnant and postpartum women with opioid use disorder: A pilot study.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- What does 'polysubstance' really mean? Comparing drug-involved deaths in CDC records vs. detailed medical examiner data from Los Angeles.The International journal on drug policy · 2026Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In 2022, provisional data indicated that more than two thirds (68%) of the reported 107,081 drug overdose deaths in the United States involved synthetic opioids other than methadone, principally illicitly manufactured fentanyls (IMFs) (1). Xylazine, a nonopioid sedative not approved for human use and with no known antidote, has been increasingly detected in IMF products in the U.S. drug supply* and in IMF-involved overdose deaths (2). Limited studies suggest xylazine can cause central nervous system depression, respiratory depression, bradycardia, and hypotension in humans (3,4); chronic use might lead to severe withdrawal symptoms
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.