ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2024
Using a Latent Variable Method to Develop a Composite, Multidimensional Measure of Structural Racism at the City Level.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Multidimensional Approach to Measure Structural Racism and Its Association with Fatal and Nonfatal Community Firearm Violence at the Census Tract Level in New York City.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Racism and racial disparities in firearm violence: A scoping review.American journal of community psychology · 2026Article
- Developing an Intergenerational Model of Structural Racism Exposure among Women in Black Families in South Carolina, 1989-2020.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Measuring the spatial scale of structural racism and discrimination: Consequences for estimated life expectancy.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Article
- Structural Racism and Black-White Disparities in Homelessness in the United States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- The development, evolution, and maintenance of structural racism for the study of health inequities: An expanded framework for Asian, Black, Hispanic, Indigenous, and White Americans.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Review
- Measuring the effect of historical structural racism on community firearm violence in US cities.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionAlthough structural racism is strongly related to racial health disparities, we are not aware of any composite, multidimensional measure of structural racism at the city level in the United States. However, many of the policies, programs, and institutions that create and maintain structural racism are located at the city level. To expand upon previous research, this paper uses a novel measure to measure structural racism at the city level for the non-Hispanic Black population.
methodsWe used confirmatory factor analysis to model the latent construct of structural racism for 776 U.S. cities. The model included six indicators across five dimensions: racial segregation, incarceration, educational attainment, employment, and economic status. We generated factor scores that weighted the indicators in order to produce the best model fit. The resulting factor scores represented the level of structural racism in each city. We demonstrated the utility of this measure by demonstrating its strong correlation with Black-White disparities in firearm homicide rates.
resultsThere were profound differences in the magnitude of structural racism across cities. There were also striking differences in the magnitude of the racial disparity in firearm homicide across cities. Structural racism was a significant predictor of the magnitude of these racial disparities in firearm homicide. Each one standard deviation increase in the structural racism factor score increased the firearm homicide rate ratio by a factor of approximately 1.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.3).
conclusionsThese new measures can be utilized by researchers to relate structural racism to racial health disparities at the city level.
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