ArticleZeitschrift fur medizinische Physik2025
Silicone phantoms fabricated with multi-material extrusion 3D printing technology mimicking imaging properties of soft tissues in CT.
Article in Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bake your phantom-low-cost recipes for dough-based, tissue-mimicking CT phantoms.European radiology · 2026Article
- A Study of Why We Need to Reassess Full Reference Image Quality Assessment with Medical Images.Journal of imaging informatics in medicine · 2025Review
- Part-solid pulmonary nodule phantoms with realistic morphology and densities by stereolithography-based 3D-printing: from design to validation.European radiology experimental · 2025Article
- A Cost-Effective 3D-Printed Conductive Phantom for EEG Sensing System Validation: Development, Performance Evaluation, and Comparison with State-of-the-Art Technologies.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Virtual 3D models, augmented reality systems and virtual laparoscopic simulations in complicated pancreatic surgeries: state of art, future perspectives, and challenges.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2025Review
- Design and fabrication of 3D-printed patient-specific soft tissue and bone phantoms for CT imaging.Scientific reports · 2023Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Recently, 3D printing has been widely used to fabricate medical imaging phantoms. So far, various rigid 3D printable materials have been investigated for their radiological properties and efficiency in imaging phantom fabrication. However, flexible, soft tissue materials are also needed for imaging phantoms for simulating several clinical scenarios where anatomical deformations is important. Recently, various additive manufacturing technologies have been used to produce anatomical models based on extrusion techniques that allow the fabrication of soft tissue materials. To date, there is no systematic study in the literature investigating the radiological properties of silicone rubber materials/fluids for imaging phantoms fabricated directly by extrusion using 3D printing techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate the radiological properties of 3D printed phantoms made of silicone in CT imaging. To achieve this goal, the radiodensity as described as Hounsfield Units (HUs) of several samples composed of three different silicone printing materials were evaluated by changing the infill density to adjust their radiological properties. A comparison of HU values with a Gammex Tissue Characterization Phantom was performed. In addition, a reproducibility analysis was performed by creating several replicas for specific infill densities. A scaled down anatomical model derived from an abdominal CT was also fabricated and the resulting HU values were evaluated. For the three different silicone materials, a spectrum ranging from -639 to +780 HU was obtained on CT at a scan setting of 120 kVp. In addition, using different infill densities, the printed materials were able to achieve a similar radiodensity range as obtained in different tissue-equivalent inserts in the Gammex phantom (238 HU to -673 HU). The reproducibility results showed good agreement between the HU values of the replicas compared to the original samples, confirming the reproducibility of the printed materials. A good agreement was observed between the HU target values in abdominal CT and the HU values of the 3D-printed anatomical phantom in all tissues.
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