ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2023
Menopausal hormone therapy and dementia: nationwide, nested case-control study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Plasma Phosphorylated Tau 217 and Incident Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older Women.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Association Between Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Alzheimer Disease Neuropathology.Neurology · 2026Article
- Hormone replacement therapy and dementia risk among postmenopausal women: Identifying responsive subgroups in the UK Biobank.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Steroid hormones in Alzheimer's disease: a molecular analysis of blood and cerebrospinal fluid.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Menopausal Hormone Therapy in Clinically Vulnerable Women: A Narrative Review of Guidelines and Real-World Evidence.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- The heterogeneous treatment effects of statins on dementia: a target trial emulation with causal machine learning using integrated genetic and real-world data.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Emotional and cognitive effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapy.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- European Code Against Cancer, 5th edition - hormone replacement therapy, other common medical therapies and cancer.Molecular oncology · 2026Review
- Plasma p-tau217 and incident mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older women: 25-year prospective study in The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Cognitive Resilience in Apolipoprotein ε4 Carrier Women Predicted by Neuron-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Association Between Menopause Age and Estradiol-Based Hormone Therapy With Cognitive Performance in Cognitively Normal Women in the CLSA.Neurology · 2025Observational
- Oral contraceptives with progestogens desogestrel or levonorgestrel and risk of intracranial meningioma: national case-control study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025Article
- Article
- Association of Nonmodifiable Risk Factors With Alzheimer Disease Blood Biomarkers in Community-Dwelling Adults in the ESTHER Study.Neurology · 2025Article
- Women twice as likely to develop Alzheimer's disease as men - but scientists do not know why.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Associations of age at menopause, bilateral oophorectomy, hysterectomy and hormone replacement therapy with glycaemia and risk of dementia: a study based on the population-based UK Biobank cohort.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- The effect of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors on the volumes of intracranial structures.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Neuroprotection against beta-amyloid toxicity by the novel estrogen receptor modulator STX requires convergent signaling pathways.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Article
- The aged female rhesus macaque as a translational model for human menopause and hormone therapy.Hormones and behavior · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo assess the association between use of menopausal hormone therapy and development of dementia according to type of hormone treatment, duration of use, and age at usage.
designNationwide, nested case-control study.
settingDenmark through national registries.
participants5589 incident cases of dementia and 55 890 age matched controls were identified between 2000 and 2018 from a population of all Danish women aged 50-60 years in 2000 with no history of dementia or contraindications for use of menopausal hormone therapy.
main outcome measuresAdjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for all cause dementia defined by a first time diagnosis or first time use of dementia specific medication.
resultsCompared with people who had never used treatment, people who had received oestrogen-progestogen therapy had an increased rate of all cause dementia (hazard ratio 1.24 (95% confidence interval 1.17 to 1.33)). Increasing durations of use yielded higher hazard ratios, ranging from 1.21 (1.09 to 1.35) for one year or less of use to 1.74 (1.45 to 2.10) for more than 12 years of use. Oestrogen-progestogen therapy was positively associated with development of dementia for both continuous (1.31 (1.18 to 1.46)) and cyclic (1.24 (1.13 to 1.35)) regimens. Associations persisted in women who received treatment at the age 55 years or younger (1.24 (1.11 to 1.40)). Findings persisted when restricted to late onset dementia (1.21 (1.12 to 1.30)) and Alzheimer's disease (1.22 (1.07 to 1.39)).
conclusionsMenopausal hormone therapy was positively associated with development of all cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease, even in women who received treatment at the age of 55 years or younger. The increased rate of dementia was similar between continuous and cyclic treatment. Further studies are warranted to determine whether these findings represent an actual effect of menopausal hormone therapy on dementia risk, or whether they reflect an underlying predisposition in women in need of these treatments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.