ArticleCancer immunology research2023
AXL Inhibition Improves the Antitumor Activity of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells.
Article in Cancer immunology research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Redifferentiation-enabled TSHRCART cells overcome antigen loss in aggressive thyroid cancers.Molecular cancer · 2026Article
- The Conflicting Role of Myeloid Cells in CAR T-Cell Therapy.Cancer research · 2026Review
- The Pleiotropic Roles of Cytokines in Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy.Cancer immunology research · 2026Review
- CAR-T cell therapy for pancreatic cancer: Translating emerging targets and dual-targeting strategies from solid tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Targeted Therapies Modulating Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition-Linked Oncogenic Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment: Comparative Profiling of Capmatinib, Bemcentinib, and Galunisertib.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Axl in (Advanced) Gastric Cancer-From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Impact.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Differential susceptibility and role for senescence in CART cells based on costimulatory domains.Molecular cancer · 2025Article
- Denfivontinib Activates Effector T Cells Through the NLRP3 Inflammasome, Yielding Potent Anticancer Effects by Combination with Pembrolizumab.Molecular cancer therapeutics · 2025Article
- AXL signaling in cancer: from molecular insights to targeted therapies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- AXL: shapers of tumor progression and immunosuppressive microenvironments.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- The Role of Axl Inhibition and Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Current Understanding and Treatment Strategies.Cancer diagnosis & prognosisReview
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
31 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is a member of the TYRO3, AXL, and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase MER family and plays pleiotropic roles in cancer progression. AXL is expressed in immunosuppressive cells, which contributes to decreased efficacy of immunotherapy. Therefore, we hypothesized that AXL inhibition could serve as a strategy to overcome resistance to chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T)-cell therapy. To test this, we determined the impact of AXL inhibition on CD19-targeted CAR T (CART19)-cell functions. Our results demonstrate that T cells and CAR T cells express high levels of AXL. Specifically, higher levels of AXL on activated Th2 CAR T cells and M2-polarized macrophages were observed. AXL inhibition with small molecules or via genetic disruption in T cells demonstrated selective inhibition of Th2 CAR T cells, reduction of Th2 cytokines, reversal of CAR T-cell inhibition, and promotion of CAR T-cell effector functions. AXL inhibition is a novel strategy to enhance CAR T-cell functions through two independent, but complementary, mechanisms: targeting Th2 cells and reversing myeloid-induced CAR T-cell inhibition through selective targeting of M2-polarized macrophages.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.