ArticleViruses2023
The Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5) in Poultry in Nigeria, 2021-2022.
Article in Viruses, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic Diversity of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx high pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses detected in Korea during the 2025-2026 winter season and pathogenicity of H5N1 and H5N9 viruses.Virus research · 2026Article
- Emergence and Rapid Spread of a New Reassortant High Pathogenicity H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza Virus in Nigeria.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Surveillance without silos: a One Health data imperative for avian influenza in West Africa.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Review of avian influenza outbreaks in Nigeria 2006-2025.Open veterinary journal · 2025Review
- Validation and multi-site deployment of a lyophilized qRT-PCR reagent for the molecular diagnosis of avian influenza and rabies in Sub-Saharan African regions.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- Detection and molecular characterisation of subtype B avian metapneumovirus in commercial chickens and co-infection with bacteria pathogens in Nigeria.Tropical animal health and production · 2025Article
- Bibliometric analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza research globally from 2003 to 2023.Germs · 2025Article
- Pathogenicity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A/H5Nx Viruses in Avian and Murine Models.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Avian Influenza: Understanding Avian Influenza Transmission via Mallard Migration Data.Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Avian influenza in birds: Insights from a comprehensive review.Veterinary world · 2024Review
- Pathology and molecular detection of influenza A subtype H9N2 virus in commercial poultry in Nigeria, 2024.Open veterinary journal · 2024Article
- Detection of clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses in healthy wild birds in the Hadeji-Nguru wetland, Nigeria 2022.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe-Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict.Virus evolution · 2024Article
- Nanopore MinION Sequencing Generates a White Spot Syndrome Virus Genome from a Pooled Cloacal Swab Sample of Domestic Chickens in South Africa.Microorganisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In 2021, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and global food insecurity, the Nigerian poultry sector was exposed to the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and its economic challenges. Between 2021 and 2022, HPAI caused 467 outbreaks reported in 31 of the 37 administrative regions in Nigeria. In this study, we characterized the genomes of 97 influenza A viruses of the subtypes H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8, which were identified in different agro-ecological zones and farms during the 2021-2022 epidemic. The phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes showed a widespread distribution of the H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b and similarity with the HPAI H5Nx viruses that have been detected in Europe since late 2020. The topology of the phylogenetic trees indicated the occurrence of several independent introductions of the virus into the country, followed by a regional evolution of the virus that was most probably linked to its persistent circulation in West African territories. Additional evidence of the evolutionary potential of the HPAI viruses circulating in this region is the identification in this study of a putative H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus in a mixed-species commercial poultry farm. Our data confirm Nigeria as a crucial hotspot for HPAI virus introduction from the Eurasian territories and reveal a dynamic pattern of avian influenza virus evolution within the Nigerian poultry population.
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