ArticleViruses2023
The Molecular Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Southern Africa, 2021-2022.
Article in Viruses, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigating high pathogenicity avian influenza virus incursions to remote islands: detection of H5N1 on Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Avian cholera causes mass mortality at penguin mega-colonies amid H5N1 HPAI outbreaks in Antarctica.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2026Article
- Counting cases, conserving species: addressing highly pathogenic avian influenza in wildlife.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Cat and Rats during Outbreak in Backyard Poultry, United States, 2025.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Mapping global avian influenza risk patterns through waterbird activity entropy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Moult-Induced Changes in Gut Microbiota of African Penguins (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- The role of wild birds in the global highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 panzootic, 2020-2023.npj biodiversity · 2026Review
- A public database to monitor the spread and impacts of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses on albatrosses and petrels.Biodiversity data journal · 2026Article
- Pan-continental spillover risk: integrated spatiotemporal, transmissibility and surveillance analysis of avian influenza a(H5N1) in Africa.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Attachment Patterns of Avian Influenza H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Respiratory Tracts of Marine Mammals, North Atlantic Ocean.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b in Cattle: A Rising One Health Concern.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- H5N1 Avian Influenza: A Narrative Review of Scientific Advances and Global Policy Challenges.Viruses · 2025Review
- Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses: knowns, unknowns, and challenges.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Exposure of Wild Mammals to Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Alaska, USA, 2020-2023.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Asymptomatic infection and antibody prevalence to co-occurring avian influenza viruses vary substantially between sympatric seabird species following H5N1 outbreaks.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in Cats, South Korea, 2023.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Genomic characterization of highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses from Alaska during 2022 provides evidence for genotype-specific trends of spatiotemporal and interspecies dissemination.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Insights from the 2023 International Veterinary Immunology Symposium: global perspectives at Kruger National Park.Veterinary research · 2024Article
- Epidemiological data of an influenza A/H5N1 outbreak in elephant seals in Argentina indicates mammal-to-mammal transmission.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Detection and spread of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 in the Antarctic Region.Nature communications · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In southern Africa, clade 2.3.4.4B H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) was first detected in South African (SA) poultry in April 2021, followed by outbreaks in poultry or wild birds in Lesotho and Botswana. In this study, the complete or partial genomes of 117 viruses from the SA outbreaks in 2021-2022 were analyzed to decipher the sub-regional spread of the disease. Our analysis showed that seven H5N1 sub-genotypes were associated with the initial outbreaks, but by late 2022 only two sub-genotypes still circulated. Furthermore, SA poultry was not the source of Lesotho's outbreaks, and the latter was most likely an introduction from wild birds. Similarly, SA and Botswana's outbreaks in 2021 were unrelated, but viruses of Botswana's unique sub-genotype were introduced into SA later in 2022 causing an outbreak in ostriches. At least 83% of SA's commercial poultry cases in 2021-2022 were point introductions from wild birds. Like H5N8 HPAI in 2017-2018, a coastal seabird-restricted sub-lineage of H5N1 viruses emerged in the Western Cape province in 2021 and spread to Namibia, causing mortalities in Cape Cormorants. In SA ~24,000 of this endangered species died, and the loss of >300 endangered African penguins further threatens biodiversity.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.