ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Evaluation of Sex Differences in Preclinical Pharmacology Research: How Far Is Left to Go?
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Gene regulatory network analysis identifies auranofin as an anti-atherosclerotic drug.Nature communications · 2026Article
- XYomics: detecting sex-dependent molecular mechanisms in omics data.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Fasting-mimicking diet counteracts gut microbial dysbiosis in experimental lynch syndrome.Cancer & metabolism · 2026Article
- Sex and ovarian hormone status shape baseline cardiovascular physiology in Sprague Dawley rats.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2026Article
- The problem with one-size-fits-all medicine: Biological sex and the aging immune system.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Diversity-in-a-dish: A practical framework for hiPSC model development.Stem cell reports · 2026Review
- Biomaterials Empowering in New Era of Women's Healthcare System.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Psychotropic Drug Exposure and Safety: A Systematic Review Toward Personalized Dosing Strategies.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Beyond Demographics: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Oral Health Research.Advances in dental research · 2026Article
- Estrogen receptors and the NRF2 pathway: bridging hormonal regulation and stress response in the gut.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- An Overview of Sex-Based Differences in the Onset and Progression of DKD in the Well-Known Model, ZSF1 Rats.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Biological Sex Is Under-Reported in Cartilage-Related Preclinical Research: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.JOR spine · 2025Article
- Gender-Specific Moderating Role of Physical Fitness and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Relationship Between BMI and C-Reactive Protein: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- Article
- The Impact of Digital Technology-Based Exercise Combined With Dietary Intervention on Body Composition in College Students With Obesity: Prospective Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Discriminative stimulus properties of α-ethyltryptamine (α-ET) in rats: α-ET-like effects of MDMA, MDA and aryl-monomethoxy substituted derivatives of α-ET.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Barriers and solutions in women's health research and clinical care: a call to action.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Review
- Imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid promotes hematopoietic recovery following sublethal radiation in a murine model.International journal of radiation biology · 2025Article
- Sex and Gender Differences in Iron Chelation.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Until the last quarter of the 20th century, sex was not recognized as a variable in health research, nor was it believed to be a factor that could affect health and illness. Researchers preferred studying male models for a variety of reasons, such as simplicity, lower costs, hormone confounding effects, and fear of liability from perinatal exposure in case of pregnancy. Equitable representation is imperative for determining the safety, effectiveness, and tolerance of therapeutic agents for all consumers. Decades of female models' underrepresentation in preclinical studies has resulted in inequality in the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of disease between the sexes. Sex bias has been highlighted as one of the contributing factors to the poor translation and replicability of preclinical research. There have been multiple calls for action, and the inclusion of sex as a biological variable is increasingly supported. However, although there has been substantial progress in the efforts to include more female models in preclinical studies, disparities today remain. In the present review, we consider the current standard practice of the preclinical research setting, why the sex bias exists, why there is the need to include female models, and what risks may arise from continuing this exclusion from experimental design.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.