ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2023
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Etiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management. Fresh Look into a Full Box.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 133 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recurrent pregnancy loss: systematic review and meta-analysis of overall prevalence and the distribution of major etiological categories.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Progestogen therapy in threatened miscarriage and unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: Recommendations by the Thai interest group.The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · 2025Guideline
- High live birth rates after laparoscopic isthmocele repair in infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of therapeutic interventions for idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Reported Prevalence of Inherited Thrombophilia in Pregnancy: Impact of Cohort Selection on Screening Implications-A Systematic Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Immunoglobulins in recurrent pregnancy loss: Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic targets.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Exposure to high doses of tyre antioxidant 6PPD causes senescence to induce unexplained miscarriage by suppressing BAZ1B-mediated ubiquitination degradation of P21.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Pregnancies in women with rare diseases: Selected maternal and perinatal outcomes.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Asperosaponin VI Ameliorates Spontaneous Abortion by Inhibiting Trophoblast Ferroptosis via the KEAP1/NRF2/GPX4 Axis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Genetic Polymorphisms of Vitamin D Receptor and Immune-Metabolic Mechanisms in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Narrative Review.Biology · 2026Review
- Reduced FBXO22 skews human trophoblast fate equilibrium toward syncytialization via polyubiquitinating the CoREST complex.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Article
- Functional heterogeneity in trophoblast stem cells derived from recurrent pregnancy loss products of conception.Molecular human reproduction · 2026Article
- Defective HLA-G1 glycosylation disrupts Siglec-7-mediated NK cell tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface in recurrent pregnancy loss.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications of Microbiome-Mediated Immune Dysregulation in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Implantation Failure.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Exploring the relationship between threatened abortion and vaginal microbiota: A retrospective study.Medicine · 2026Article
- Miscarriage and the Microbiome: Host Genetics, Immunity, and the Reproductive Tract Ecosystem.Genes · 2026Review
- Mechanisms driving resistance to oxidative stress during endometrial stromal cell decidualization†.Biology of reproduction · 2026Review
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy loss is a complex health challenge with no universally accepted definition. Inconsistency in definitions involves not only the number of spontaneous abortions (two or three) that are accepted for recurrent pregnancy loss but the types of pregnancy and gestational age at miscarriage. Due to the heterogeneity of definitions and criteria applied by international guidelines for recurrent pregnancy loss, the true incidence of recurrent miscarriage, which is reported to range from 1% to 5%, is difficult to estimate. Moreover, the exact etiology of recurrent pregnancy loss remains questionable; thus, it is considered a polyetiological and multifactorial condition with many modifiable and non-modifiable factors involved. Even after thoroughly evaluating recurrent pregnancy loss etiology and risk factors, up to 75% of cases remain unexplained. This review aimed to summarize and critically analyze accumulated knowledge on the etiology, risk factors, relevant diagnostic options, and management approach to recurrent pregnancy loss. The relevance of various factors and their proposed roles in recurrent pregnancy loss pathogenesis remains a matter of discussion. The diagnostic approach and the management largely depend on the etiology and risk factors taken into consideration by a healthcare professional as a cause of recurrent miscarriage for a particular woman or couple. Underestimation of social and health consequences of recurrent pregnancy loss leads to compromised reproductive health and psychological well-being of women after miscarriage. Studies on etiology and risk factors for recurrent pregnancy loss, especially idiopathic, should be continued. The existing international guidelines require updates to assist clinical practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.