Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Behavior Therapy for Tics: A Perception-Action Integration Approach.

European clinical guidelines recommend the use of Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) and Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) as first-line treatments for tic disorders. Although ongoing efforts in research are being made to understand the mechanisms underlying these behavioral approaches, as of yet, the neurophysiological mechanisms behind behavioral interventions are poorly understood. However, this is essential to tailor interventions to individual patients in order to increase compliance and efficacy. The Theory of Event Coding (TEC) and its derivative BRAC (Binding and Retrieval in Action Control) provide a theoretical framework to investigate cognitive and neural processes in the context of tic disorders. In this context, tics are conceptualized as a phenomenon of enhanced perception-action binding, with premonitory urges constituting the perceptual and the motor or vocal expression constituting the action part of an event file. Based on this, CBIT is assumed to strongly affect stimulus-response binding in the context of response selection, whereas the effects of ERP presumably unfold during stimulus-response binding in the response inhibition context. Further studies are needed to clarify the neurophysiological processes underlying behavioral interventions to enable the individualization and further development of therapeutic approaches for tic disorders.