ArticleScientific reports2023
Macrophage induces anti-cancer drug resistance in canine mammary gland tumor spheroid.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- IntratumoralAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Formulation Strategies for Immunomodulatory Natural Products in 3D Tumor Spheroids and Organoids: Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- TSG6 affects anti cancer drug resistance and angiogenesis in 3D spheroid model of canine mammary gland tumor cells.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Schisandrin B downregulates exosomal fibronectin 1 expression to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Cancer 3D Models: Essential Tools for Understanding and Overcoming Drug Resistance.Oncology research · 2025Review
- Canine mammary tumors as a promising adjunct preclinical model for human breast cancer research: similarities, opportunities, and challenges.Archives of pharmacal research · 2025Review
- Beyond tumor‑associated macrophages involved in spheroid formation and dissemination: Novel insights for ovarian cancer therapy (Review).International journal of oncology · 2024Review
- Some Aspects and Convergence of Human and Veterinary Drug Repositioning.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in the tumor microenvironment by producing cytokines and growth factors. Furthermore, TAMs play multifunctional roles in tumor progression, immune regulation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment induces tumor-supporting transformation of TAMs, which enhances tumor malignancy through developing anti-cancer resistance, for example. In this study, a hybrid spheroid model of canine mammary gland tumor (MGT) cell lines (CIPp and CIPm) and canine macrophages (DH82) was established. The effects of hypoxia induced by the spheroid culture system on the anti-cancer drug resistance of canine MGT cells were investigated. A hybrid spheroid was created using an ultralow-adhesion plate. The interactions between canine MGT cells and DH82 were investigated using a co-culture method. When co-cultured with DH82, cell viability and expression levels of tumor growth factors and multi-drug resistance genes were increased in canine MGT cells under doxorubicin. Additionally, doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest were attenuated in canine MGT cells co-cultured with DH82. In conclusion, the hybrid spheroid model established in this study reflects the hypoxic TME, allowing DH82 to induce anti-cancer drug resistance in canine MGT cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.