ArticleInternational journal of pharmaceutics2023
Gonococcal microparticle vaccine in dissolving microneedles induced immunity and enhanced bacterial clearance in infected mice.
Article in International journal of pharmaceutics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preclinical Evaluation of a Microneedle-Delivered Adjuvanted Microparticulate Gonorrhea Vaccine in Non-Human Primates.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Article
- Perspective on the pathogenic Neisseria: milestones, challenges, and future directions.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- The Central Importance of Vaccines to Mitigate the Threat of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Advances in clinical applications of microneedle.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- A Bibliometric Analysis of Microneedle-Mediated Drug Delivery: Trends, Hotspots, and Future Directions.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Review
- Article
- Addressing Sexually Transmitted Infections Due toMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- In Vitro Pre-Clinical Evaluation of a Gonococcal Trivalent Candidate Vaccine Identified by Transcriptomics.Vaccines · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
There is an alarming rise in the number of gonorrhea cases worldwide. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacteria that causes gonorrhea infection, has gradually developed antimicrobial resistance over the years. To date, there is no licensed vaccine for gonorrhea. This study investigates the in vivo immunogenicity of a whole-cell inactivated gonococci in a microparticle formulation (Gc-MP) along with adjuvant microparticles (Alhydrogel®- Alum MP and AddaVax™ MP) delivered transdermally using dissolving microneedles (MN). The proposed vaccine formulation (Gc-MP + Alum MP + AddaVax™ MP) was assessed for induction of humoral, cellular, and protective immune responses in vivo. Our results show the induction of significant gonococcal-specific serum IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and vaginal mucosal IgA antibodies in mice immunized with Gc-MP + Alum MP + AddaVax™ MP and Gc-MP when compared to the control groups receiving blank MN or no treatment. The serum bactericidal assay revealed that the antibodies generated in mice after immunization with Gc-MP + Alum MP + AddaVax™ MP were bactericidal towards live Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gc-MP + Alum MP + AddaVax™ MP and Gc-MP-immunized mice showed enhanced clearance rate of gonococcal bacterial infection post challenge. In contrast, the control groups did not begin to clear the infection until day 10. In addition, the mice which received Gc-MP + Alum MP + AddaVax™ MP showed enhanced expression of cellular immunity markers CD4 and CD8 on the surface of T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. Taken together, the data shows that microneedle immunization with whole-cell inactivated gonococci MP in mice induced humoral, cellular, and protective immunity against gonococcal infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.