ArticleThe British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners2023
Prevalence of cancer risk factors among transgender and gender diverse individuals: a cross-sectional analysis using UK primary care data.
Article in The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cancer screening attendance rates in transgender and gender-diverse patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ evidence-based medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Nationwide estimates of all-cause and cause-specific mortality among individuals with gender dysphoria in Sweden, 2001-2023: a register-based cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Transgender persons receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy: risk of acute cardiovascular events in a Dutch cohort study.European heart journal · 2026Article
- Transgender Men's and Non-Binary People's Experiences of Cervical Cancer Screening-A Journey Mapping Approach.Journal of clinical nursing · 2026Article
- Article
- Recording of wider determinants of health in UK primary care using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) databases, a descriptive cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The Burden of Cancer and Precancerous Conditions Among Transgender Individuals in a Large Health Care Network: Retrospective Cohort Study.JMIR cancer · 2025Article
- Methodological considerations in the use of a large database to estimate incidence of prostate cancer in transgender women in the US.Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases · 2025Article
- Difference-Makers for Collecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data in Oncology Settings.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Strategies for Advancing Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data Collection in Cancer Research.JCO oncology practice · 2024Article
- Overcoming barriers in cancer care for gender minorities.Nature reviews. Urology · 2024Article
- Using Routine Data to Improve Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health.Interactive journal of medical research · 2024Article
- Cancer risk among transgender adults: A growing population with unmet needs.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2023Article
- No, we mean sex AND gender.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2023Article
- Gender - or do we mean sex?The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2023Article
- Breast cancer in a transgender man.CA: a cancer journal for cliniciansArticle
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTransgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals experience an incongruence between their assigned birth sex and gender identity. They may have a higher prevalence of health conditions associated with cancer risk than cisgender people.
aimTo examine the prevalence of several cancer risk factors among TGD individuals compared with cisgender individuals. DESIGN AND
settingA cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the UK's Clinical Practice Research Datalink to identify TGD individuals between 1988-2020, matched to 20 cisgender men and 20 cisgender women on index date (date of diagnosis with gender incongruence), practice, and index age (age at index date). Assigned birth sex was determined from gender-affirming hormone use and procedures, and sex-specific diagnoses documented in the medical record.
methodThe prevalence of each cancer risk factor was calculated and the prevalence ratio by gender identity was estimated using log binomial or Poisson regression models adjusted for age and year at study entry, and obesity where appropriate.
resultsThere were 3474 transfeminine (assigned male at birth) individuals, 3591 transmasculine (assigned female at birth) individuals, 131 747 cisgender men, and 131 827 cisgender women. Transmasculine people had the highest prevalence of obesity (27.5%) and 'ever smoking' (60.2%). Transfeminine people had the highest prevalence of dyslipidaemia (15.1%), diabetes (5.4%), hepatitis C infection (0.7%), hepatitis B infection (0.4%), and HIV infection (0.8%). These prevalence estimates remained elevated in the TGD populations compared with cisgender persons in the multivariable models.
conclusionMultiple cancer risk factors are more prevalent among TGD individuals compared with cisgender individuals. Future research should examine how minority stress contributes to the increased prevalence of cancer risk factors in this population.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.