ArticleThe journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease2023
Reproductive Markers in Alzheimer's Disease Progression: The Framingham Heart Study.
Article in The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacological Management of ADHD in Women Across Perimenopause, Menopause and Post-Menopause.Drugs & aging · 2026Review
- Women's reproductive life patterns, intrinsic capacity, and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific dementia: a prospective cohort study.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Mapping the circulating proteome across neurodegeneration: A harmonized, consortium-scale framework for uncovering molecular pathophysiology.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Biological and social reproductive factors and late-life cognitive function in middle-aged and older Chinese women.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Body mass index changes and trajectories from midlife to late-life: association with subjective cognitive complaints in a 30-year Women's cohort study.Age and ageing · 2025Article
- Leveraging research into sex differences and steroid hormones to improve brain health.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Research advances and future directions in female ADHD: the lifelong interplay of hormonal fluctuations with mood, cognition, and disease.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Review
- Exploring the Perspectives of Older Adults on a Digital Brain Health Platform Using Natural Language Processing: Cohort Study.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
- Correlations between SHBG, Sex Hormones, Inflammation, and Neurocognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease: A Retrospective Study.Current Alzheimer research · 2024Article
- Sex-specific blood biomarkers linked to memory changes in middle-aged adults: The Framingham Heart Study.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundReproductive status, such as the age of menarche or menopause, may be linked to cognitive abilities and risk for incident Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the evidence is conflicting. It is also not fully known if these factors interact with cortical beta-amyloid deposition.
objectivesTo study the relationship between reproductive risks, sex hormone markers and risk for decline in specific cognitive domains in women. DESIGN, SETTING AND
participantsWe analyzed the association of reproductive markers (age at menarche, number of births, age at menopause, sex hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, estrone, total testosterone, free testosterone) with incident AD and annualized cognitive decline in the community-based longitudinal Framingham Heart Study (FHS) Offspring women 60 years and older (n=772, mean age 68 years, mean follow-up 10.7 ± 3 years). We used the Cox proportional hazards regression model and linear regression model, adjusting for covariates. OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident AD dementia as well as the annualized change in memory, language, attention and executive functions.
resultsOlder age at menopause was associated with a lower risk of incident AD dementia (p = 0.047, 6% lower risk per older year) after adjusting for baseline age, education, hormone therapy status, and MMSE score. Older age at menopause was significantly associated with a slower annualized decline in memory (beta = 0.085, p = 0.00059). The lower level of plasma Aβ42 was also associated with a higher risk of incident AD (HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95, 0.99; p = 0.0039) but there was no significant interaction effect with age at menarche, age at menopause or plasma sex hormone levels.
conclusionYounger age at menopause is a risk factor for late-life memory decline and incident AD. This risk appears to be independent of Aβ42 pathology. Further studies to understand the biological and social mechanisms underlying the differential effects of reproductive risks are warranted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.