Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37355751›Full record

ArticleScientific data2023

A guide to sharing open healthcare data under the General Data Protection Regulation.

Jip W T M de Kok, Miguel Á Armengol de la Hoz, Ymke de Jong, Véronique Brokke, Paul W G Elbers, Patrick Thoral, Alejandro Castillejo, Tomás Trenor, Jose M Castellano, Alberto E Bronchalo and 8 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific data, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
44citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Artificial intelligence in rehabilitation: a living systematic mapping review - first release.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2025
    Pooled it
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Medical Digital Twin Technology for Interoperability: Challenges and Opportunities.Biomedical engineering and computational biology · 2026
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Benchmarking Foundation Models with Multimodal Public Electronic Health Records.IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics · 2025
    Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Jip W T M de Kok *Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-5495-0285
Miguel Á Armengol de la Hoz *Big Data Department, PMC, Fundacion Progreso y Salud (FPS), Regional Ministry of Health of Andalucia, Seville, Andalucia, Spain.
Ymke de JongPhilips, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
Véronique BrokkePhilips, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
Paul W G ElbersCenter for Critical Care Computational Intelligence (C4I), Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Patrick ThoralCenter for Critical Care Computational Intelligence (C4I), Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Alejandro CastillejoSanitas - Data4Good, Madrid, Spain.
Tomás TrenorSanitas - Data4Good, Madrid, Spain.
Jose M CastellanoFundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Grupo HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
Alberto E BronchaloFundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Grupo HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
Tobias M MerzCardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
Martin FaltysDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Collaborator group
Iwan C C van der HorstDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Minnan XuPhilips Research North America, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Leo Anthony CeliLaboratory for Computational Physiology, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6712-6626
Bas C T van Bussel *Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. bas.van.bussel@mumc.nl.
Xavier Borrat *Department of Biostatistics Harvard T.H, Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. xborrat@mit.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-9348-9284

Funding

Critical Care Informatics: Ethical considerations around the use and sharing of health-related dataR01EB017205 · NIBIB · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI CELI, LEO ANTHONY G, MARK, ROGER GREENWOOD · 2014 to 2021
$3.8M
Critical Care InformaticsR56EB017205 · NIBIB · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI CELI, LEO ANTHONY G, GHASSEMI, MARZYEH · 2018 to 2023
$783k
NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB017205NIBIB NIH HHS R56 EB017205
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sharing healthcare data is increasingly essential for developing data-driven improvements in patient care at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). However, it is also very challenging under the strict privacy legislation of the European Union (EU). Therefore, we explored four successful open ICU healthcare databases to determine how open healthcare data can be shared appropriately in the EU. A questionnaire was constructed based on the Delphi method. Then, follow-up questions were discussed with experts from the four databases. These experts encountered similar challenges and regarded ethical and legal aspects to be the most challenging. Based on the approaches of the databases, expert opinion, and literature research, we outline four distinct approaches to openly sharing healthcare data, each with varying implications regarding data security, ease of use, sustainability, and implementability. Ultimately, we formulate seven recommendations for sharing open healthcare data to guide future initiatives in sharing open healthcare data to improve patient care and advance healthcare.

Indexed as

Computer SecurityPrivacyDelivery of Health CareForecastingHumansInformation DisseminationSurveys and Questionnaires

Identifiers

PMID37355751
PMCPMC10290652

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.