LBD18 and IAA14 antagonistically interact with ARF7 via the invariant Lys and acidic residues of the OPCA motif in the PB1 domain.

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conclusionLBD18 and IAA14 antagonistically interact with ARF7 through the electrostatic faces in the ARF7PB1 domain, modulating ARF7 transcriptional activity. Auxin Response Factor 7 (ARF7)/ARF19 control lateral root development by directly activating Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain 16 (LBD16)/LBD18 genes in Arabidopsis. LBD18 upregulates ARF19 expression by binding to the ARF19 promoter. It also interacts with ARF7 through the Phox and Bem1 (PB1) domain to enhance the ARF7 transcriptional activity, forming a dual mode of positive feedback loop. LBD18 competes with the repressor indole-3-acetic acid 14 (IAA14) for ARF7 binding through the PB1 domain. In this study, we examined the molecular determinant of the ARF7 PB1 domain for interacting with LBD18 and showed that the electronic faces in the ARF7 PB1 domain are critical for interacting with LBD18 and IAA14/17. We used a luminescence complementation imaging assay to determine protein-protein interactions. The results showed that mutation of the invariant lysine residue and the OPCA motif in the PB1 domain in ARF7 significantly reduces the protein interaction between ARF7 and LBD18. Transient gene expression assays with Arabidopsis protoplasts showed that IAA14 suppressed transcription-enhancing activity of LBD18 on the LUC reporter gene fused to the ARF19 promoter harboring an auxin response element, but mutation of the invariant lysine residue and OPCA motif in the PB1 domain of IAA14 reduced the repression capability of IAA14 for transcription-enhancing activity of LBD18. We further showed that the same mutation in the PB1 domain of IAA14 reduces its repression capability, thereby increasing the LUC activity induced by both ARF7 and LBD18 compared with IAA14. These results suggest that LBD18 competes with IAA14 for ARF7 binding via the electrostatic faces of the ARF7 PB1 domain to modulate ARF7 transcriptional activity.