ArticlePharmaceutical research2023
Thermoresponsive Gel-loaded Oxcarbazepine Nanosystems for Nose- To-Brain Delivery: Enhanced Antiepileptic Activity in Rats.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intranasal Biodegradable Nanomedicine for Epilepsy Management: Targeting the Brain Beyond the Blood-Brain Barrier.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Comparison of Peganum harmala L. leaves extract nanoformulations against herpes simplex virus type 1 guided by network pharmacology analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Thermoreversible Ionogel for Enhanced Nose-to-brain Delivery of Tetrabenazine Hydrochloride: Optimization by Central Composite Design and In Vitro Ex Vivo Evaluation.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Article
- Comparative evaluation of nano ocular delivery systems loaded pH and thermosensitive in situ gels for Acanthamoeba keratitis treatment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A Revolutionary Approach for Combating Efflux Transporter-mediated Resistant Epilepsy: Advanced Drug Delivery Systems.Current pharmaceutical design · 2025Review
- Application of stimuli-responsive hydrogel in brain disease treatment.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOxcarbazepine (OXC) is a frequently prescribed antiepileptic drug for managing focal and generalized seizures. Its therapeutic benefits are limited by its dose-dependent side effects. Nose-to-brain delivery is a novel route for improving the efficacy of antiepileptics. Drug encapsulation in mucoadhesive nanoparticles offers even more advantages for the nasal route.
objectiveThe study aimed to develop oxcarbazepine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (OXC-NP) added to a mucoadhesive thermo-reversible gel for intranasal delivery and enhancement of antiepileptic activity.
methodsThe formulation was optimized based on entrapment efficiency, polydispersity index, particle size, zeta potential, and in vitro release analysis. The therapeutic efficacy of OXC-NP was assessed in an epileptic rat model and compared to intranasal OXC and oral OXC.
resultsThe optimized OXC-NPs with chitosan exhibited particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of 189 nm, + 31.4 mV ± 2.5 and 97.6% ± 0.14, respectively. The release of OXC was prolonged, reaching 47.1% after 6 h and 55% after 24 h. Enhanced antiepileptic activity of OXC-NP was manifested as decreased seizure score and prolonged survival. Halting of hippocampal TNF-α and IL-6 together with upregulated IL-10 could explain its anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
conclusionsIntranasal OXC-NP-loaded in situ gel represents a promising formulation for enhanced antiepileptic potential achieved at low drug concentrations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.