ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2023
Comparison of inequality in utilization of postnatal care services between Bangladesh and Pakistan: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Socioeconomic inequalities in access to maternal healthcare in South-Asian countries: A systematic review.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Determinants of Postnatal Care Service Utilization Among Mothers in Bangladesh: A Two-Level Binary Logistic Regression Approach.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Comparison of urban-rural inequality in quality antenatal care among women in Bangladesh and Pakistan: a multivariable decomposition analysis.Reproductive health · 2026Article
- Maternal disorders among women aged 15 to 49 years: global trends and inequalities from the GBD study 2021.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Inequality in Utilization of Maternal Healthcare Services in Low‑ and Middle‑Income Countries: A Scoping Review of the Literature.Maternal and child health journal · 2025Article
- Dominant predictors of postnatal care utilization among ever-married mothers of reproductive age in Bangladesh.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic Disparities in Accessing Early Newborn Care in Pakistan: Secondary Data Analysis of Nationally Representative Sample.Turkish archives of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Cultural Practices of Mothers and Babies during the Postnatal Period: A Qualitative Study in Rural Bangladesh.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Determining the influential factors of postnatal care in Bangladesh using multilevel logistic regression.PloS one · 2024Article
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Abstract
backgroundInequality in postnatal care (PNC) has remained a challenge in many low- and middle-income countries, like Bangladesh and Pakistan. The study examines within-country and between-country inequality in utilizing PNC services for Bangladesh and Pakistan.
methodsThe study used the latest Demographic and Health Survey (DHS, 2017-2018) datasets of Bangladesh and Pakistan for women aged 15-49 years who had given at least one live birth in the three years preceding the survey. As outcome variables, three PNC service indicators were considered: PNC check of women, PNC check of newborns, and adequate PNC content of newborns. Concentration curves and equiplots were constructed to visually demonstrate inequality in PNC services. For ordered equity strata with more than two categories, the relative concentration index (RCI), absolute concentration index (ACI), and slope index of inequality (SII) were calculated to measure inequalities in the utilization of PNC services. For two categories equity strata, rate ratio (RR) and rate difference (RD) were calculated.
resultsIn Bangladesh, the level of inequality was high and almost the same for the PNC check of women and newborns based on women's education (PNC women- RCI: 0.404, ACI: 0.403, SII: 0.624; and PNC newborn- RCI: 0.402, ACI: 0.402, SII: 0.622), wealth (PNC women- RCI: 0.448, ACI: 0.448, SII: 0.643; and PNC newborn- 0.441, ACI: 0.441, SII: 0.633), and number of ANC visits (PNC women- RCI: 0.329, ACI: 0.329, SII: 0.595; and PNC newborn- RCI: 0.329, ACI: 0.329, SII: 0.594). In Pakistan, the level of inequality was higher for the PNC check of women among all PNC services based on women's education (ACI: 0.388 and SII: 0.676) and wealth (ACI: 0.397 and SII: 0.598). For Bangladesh and Pakistan, RR values (2.114 and 3.873, respectively) indicated greater media exposure-related inequality in adequate PNC content of newborns. Inequality in facility delivery was highest for PNC checks of women and newborns in Bangladesh (PNC women- RD: 0.905, PNC newborn- RD: 0.900) and Pakistan (PNC women- RD: 0.726, PNC newborn-RD: 0.743).
conclusionInequality was higher in Bangladesh than in Pakistan for PNC checks of women and newborns based on wealth, media exposure, and mode of delivery. For adequate PNC content of newborns, inequality was greater in Pakistan than in Bangladesh. Country-specific customized policies would better minimize the gap between the privileged and underprivileged groups and reduce inequality.
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