ReviewGlobal health, science and practice2023
Measuring National Immunization System Performance: A Systematic Assessment of Available Resources.
Review in Global health, science and practice, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Childhood immunization barriers and interventions in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review of access, delivery systems, and health literacy.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- A landscape analysis of enablers and barriers to digital payments to health workers during large-scale immunisation campaigns in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review and in-depth interviews.Global health action · 2026Article
- Global patterns of pertussis incidence and vaccination strategies: implications of divergent surveillance data.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Monitoring the Performance of National Immunization Programs: Innovative Methodology and Tool for Countries' Self-Assessment.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Access to licenced vaccines for high-threat infectious diseases: a scoping review and interpretive analysis of Ebola virus disease.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Improving vaccination coverage among 24-month-old children in the ASL Napoli 3 Sud: a M.A.S.T.E.R. approach to transformation, evaluation and strategic redesign.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Strengthening Immunization Data: Protocol for the Evaluation of an Electronic Immunization Register.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- The association between routine immunisation and COVID-19 vaccination in small Island developing states.PloS one · 2025Article
- Does unintended birth lead to zero dose of DPT vaccine among children aged 12-23 months in India?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Establishing a Framework for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Vaccines Targeting National Vaccination Programs.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
- Pharmacovigilance in Vaccines: Importance, Main Aspects, Perspectives, and Challenges-A Narrative Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Measuring what matters: Context-specific indicators for assessing immunisation performance in Pacific Island Countries and Areas.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVaccination coverage is widely used to assess immunization performance but, on its own, provides insufficient information to drive improvements. Assessing the performance of underlying components of immunization systems is less clear, with several monitoring and evaluation (M&E) resources available for use in different operational settings and for different purposes. We studied these resources to understand how immunization system performance is measured.
methodsWe reviewed peer-reviewed and gray literature published since 2000 to identify M&E resources that include national-level indicators measuring the performance of immunization systems or their components (governance, financing, regulation, information systems, vaccine logistics, workforce, service delivery, and demand generation). We summarize indicators by the system components or outcomes measured and describe findings narratively.
resultsWe identified 20 resources to monitor immunization program objectives and guide national strategic decision-making, encompassing 631 distinct indicators. Indicators for immunization program outcomes comprised the majority (124/631 [19.7%]), largely vaccination coverage (110/124 [88.7%]). Almost all resources (19/20 [95%]) included indicators for vaccine logistics (83/631 [13.2%]), and those for regulation (19/631 [3.0%]) and demand generation (28/631 [4.4%]) were least common. There was heterogeneity in how information systems (92/563 [14.6%]) and workforce (47/631 [7.4%]) were assessed across resources. Indicators for vaccination coverage in adults, data use in decision-making, equity and diversity, effectiveness of safety surveillance, and availability of a public health workforce were notably lacking.
conclusionsBetween the resources identified in this review, we identified considerable variability and gaps in indicators assessing the performance of some immunization system components. Given the multitude of indicators, policymakers may be better served by tailoring evaluation resources to their specific context to gain useful insight into health system performance and improve data use in decision-making for immunization programs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.