ArticleEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin2023
Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 circulation revealed by a nationwide sewage surveillance programme, the Netherlands, August 2020 to February 2022.
Article in Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coupled epidemiological and wastewater modeling at the urban scale: A case study for Munich.iScience · 2026Article
- Towards the institutionalization of wastewater surveillance for public health: results from the EU-WISH mapping survey.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Evaluation of wastewater SARS-CoV-2 surveillance for monitoring COVID-19 trends and early warning in Sweden, 2023-2024.PloS one · 2026Article
- Wastewater-based surveillance and early warning-forecasting framework for norovirus: a two-year longitudinal study in Shenzhen, China.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Chinese Urban Wastewater Surveillance System for Early Warning of Infectious Diseases: Implementation and Efficacy - January 2023-June 2025.China CDC weekly · 2025Article
- National Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Across Provinces and Regions in the Republic of Korea From January to August 2023.Journal of Korean medical science · 2025Article
- Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Pandemic in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance-Experience of Hong Kong, China.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Effective Inhibitor Removal from Wastewater Samples Increases Sensitivity of RT-dPCR and Sequencing Analyses and Enhances the Stability of Wastewater-Based Surveillance.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Attribution of invasive group A streptococcal infections (iGAS) to predisposing viral infections, the Netherlands, 2010 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Article
- Age-specific transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 during the first 2 years of the pandemic.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Wastewater-based reproduction numbers and projections of COVID-19 cases in three areas in Japan, November 2021 to December 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Article
- Article
- Field Epidemiology: Fit for the future.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2023Article
- The daily updated Dutch national database on COVID-19 epidemiology, vaccination and sewage surveillance.Scientific data · 2023Article
- Citywide wastewater SARS-CoV-2 levels strongly correlated with multiple disease surveillance indicators and outcomes over three COVID-19 waves.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BackgroundSurveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater offers a near real-time tool to track circulation of SARS-CoV-2 at a local scale. However, individual measurements of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage are noisy, inherently variable and can be left-censored.AimWe aimed to infer latent virus loads in a comprehensive sewage surveillance programme that includes all sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the Netherlands and covers 99.6% of the Dutch population.MethodsWe applied a multilevel Bayesian penalised spline model to estimate time- and STP-specific virus loads based on water flow-adjusted SARS-CoV-2 qRT-PCR data for one to four sewage samples per week for each of the more than 300 STPs.ResultsThe model captured the epidemic upsurges and downturns in the Netherlands, despite substantial day-to-day variation in the measurements. Estimated STP virus loads varied by more than two orders of magnitude, from ca 1012 virus particles per 100,000 persons per day in the epidemic trough in August 2020 to almost 1015 per 100,000 in many STPs in January 2022. The timing of epidemics at the local level was slightly shifted between STPs and municipalities, which resulted in less pronounced peaks and troughs at the national level.ConclusionAlthough substantial day-to-day variation is observed in virus load measurements, wastewater-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 that is performed at high sampling frequency can track long-term progression of an epidemic at a local scale in near real time.
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