SynthesisEndocrine2023
Smoking during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Endocrine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lifestyle Behaviors, Physical Activity, and Body Composition in Women With Gestational Diabetes: A Real-World Observational Study From Poland.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Observational
- Ethnic differences in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus: a multiethnic cohort study.Endocrine · 2026Observational
- Postpartum OGTT Non-Adherence in Regional and Rural Australia: A Longitudinal Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Timing of smoking cessation before and during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes: A systematic review.Metabolism open · 2026Article
- The Association Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Admission Among Full-Term Infants: A Finnish National Cohort Study.Clinical epidemiology · 2026Article
- Early pregnancy body mass index outweighs gestational weight gain in predicting gestational diabetes mellitus: A single-center experience from Türkiye.Qatar medical journal · 2026Article
- Association Between the Lifestyle Inflammation Score and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Postpartum Glucose Metabolism Alterations.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Smoking Cessation Advisors' Perspectives on Pregnant Women's Attitudes on the Risks and Consequences of Smoking While Pregnant.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Investigating Pre-pregnancy and Late-Pregnancy E-cigarette Use Exposure and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.Cureus · 2025Article
- Maternal Macronutrient Intake and Associated Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results from the BORN2020 Study.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Risk Factors in a Multi-Ethnic National Case-Control Study.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2024Article
- Early age at menarche and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a cohort study.Endocrine · 2024Article
- Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy Is Less Frequent in Smokers: A French Observational Study of 15,801 Women.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Does Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution Affect Gestational Age and Newborn Weight?-A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo investigate whether maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is a risk factor for developing GDM.
methodsMEDLINE, Scopus, CENTRAL and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to December 2022 to identify eligible original articles. A systematic review and meta-analysis (weighted data, random-effects model) were performed. The primary outcome was the development of GDM in pregnant women. The results were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) (inverse variance method). Subgroup analysis was planned according to the maternal smoking status and GDM diagnostic criteria. Statistical heterogeneity was checked with the Chi-squared (Chi
resultsThirty-five studies, including 23,849,696 pregnant women, met the inclusion criteria. The pooled OR of smoking during pregnancy compared with non-smoking (never smokers and former smokers) was 1.06 (95% CI 0.95-1.19), p = 0.30; I
conclusionThere is no evidence to support an association between maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the risk for GDM. Universally accepted diagnostic criteria for GDM must be adopted to reduce heterogeneity and clarify the association between smoking and GDM.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.