ReviewCancers2023
Beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1 Inhibition: Novel Immune Checkpoint Molecules for Melanoma Treatment.
Review in Cancers, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Frontier of Melanoma Treatment: Defeating Immunotherapy Resistance-A Systematic Review.Oncology research · 2026Pooled it
- Bridging BET bromodomain and immune checkpoint inhibitors through generative bioorganic frameworks for next-generation cancer immunotherapy.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Molecular Architecture and Clinical Landscape of Immune Checkpoint Receptors and Ligands.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Construction of a Neoantigen Prognostic Model for Gastric Adenocarcinoma Based on Multi-Omics Data Mining and the Design of mRNA Vaccines and Targeted Drugs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Reprogramming Neuroinflammation: Mitochondrial Targets and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Insight of immune checkpoint blockades in melanoma: mechanism and clinical translation.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Advanced Mucosal Melanoma Therapies: Current Status and Future Directions.Current treatment options in oncology · 2026Review
- Innovative immunotherapy approaches: harnessing synergy of dual checkpoint blockade in oncology.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Emerging immune checkpoint targets and combination strategies in blood cancer immunotherapy.Annals of hematology · 2026Review
- Associations of Tumor Somatic Mutations and Genetic Alterations with Survival Outcomes in Melanoma Patients Treated with Ipilimumab.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Malignant Melanoma: Anti-PD-1, Anti-CTLA-4 and Anti-LAG-3 Therapies.Current oncology reports · 2026Review
- Editorial: Current insights in melanoma immunology, immune escape and immunotherapy advances.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The tumor microenvironment in leukemia: molecular pathways of immune evasion.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Targeting VISTA as a novel immunotherapy for skin cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Molecular links between tuberculosis and lung cancer: pathogenesis and therapeutic challenges.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Multi-omics analysis reveals the crosstalk of epigenetic regulatory networks in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Overcoming resistance mechanisms in cancer immunotherapy-novel approaches and combinations.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Current advancement of immune function paradox of tumour-infiltrating cells and their immunotherapeutic targets: a mini-review.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Immune evasion in cancer: mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- CAR T-cell therapy in hematologic and solid malignancies: mechanisms, clinical applications, and future directions.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
More than ten years after the approval of ipilimumab, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against PD-1 and CTLA-4 have been established as the most effective treatment for locally advanced or metastatic melanoma, achieving durable responses either as monotherapies or in combinatorial regimens. However, a considerable proportion of patients do not respond or experience early relapse, due to multiple parameters that contribute to melanoma resistance. The expression of other immune checkpoints beyond the PD-1 and CTLA-4 molecules remains a major mechanism of immune evasion. The recent approval of anti-LAG-3 ICI, relatlimab, in combination with nivolumab for metastatic disease, has capitalized on the extensive research in the field and has highlighted the potential for further improvement of melanoma prognosis by synergistically blocking additional immune targets with new ICI-doublets, antibody-drug conjugates, or other novel modalities. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of presently published immune checkpoint molecules, including LAG-3, TIGIT, TIM-3, VISTA, IDO1/IDO2/TDO, CD27/CD70, CD39/73, HVEM/BTLA/CD160 and B7-H3. Beginning from their immunomodulatory properties as co-inhibitory or co-stimulatory receptors, we present all therapeutic modalities targeting these molecules that have been tested in melanoma treatment either in preclinical or clinical settings. Better understanding of the checkpoint-mediated crosstalk between melanoma and immune effector cells is essential for generating more effective strategies with augmented immune response.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.