ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2023
Food Processing, According to the Nova Classification System, and Dietary Intake of US Infants and Toddlers.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification and validation of poly-metabolite scores for diets high in ultra-processed food: An observational study and post-hoc randomized controlled crossover-feeding trial.PLoS medicine · 2025Trial
- Intake of ultra-processed foods in Sweden and its association with diet quality and weight status: cross-sectional analyses from three national dietary surveys.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
- Ultra-Processed Foods as a Cross-Cutting Driver of Health Inequities: Low- and Middle-Income Countries Across the Life-Course.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Ultra-Processed Foods in Early Life: Biological Mechanisms, Developmental Programming and Childhood Obesity-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Ultra-Processed Food Intake Is Associated with High Consumption of Added Sugar and Sodium in U.S. Infants.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Should Grain-Based Staple Foods Be Included in Admonitions to "Avoid Processed and Ultra-Processed Food"?Nutrients · 2025Review
- Processed Food Consumption and Sleep Quality in School-Aged Children: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Handle with care: challenges associated with ultra-processed foods research.International journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Perspective: A Research Roadmap about Ultra-Processed Foods and Human Health for the United States Food System: Proceedings from an Interdisciplinary, Multi-Stakeholder Workshop.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHigh intake of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is associated with increased risk of chronic disease; thus, it is important to understand how UPFs influence diet quality early in life.
objectivesWe describe complementary foods and beverages (CFBs) according to the Nova Classification System of Food Processing for infants and toddlers in the United States and estimate how Nova groups and subgroups contribute to energy and select nutrients and food groups.
methodsWe used day 1 24-h recall from infants and toddlers aged 6-23 mo from the cross-sectional, nationally representative 2013-18 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 1140). We estimated contributions of Nova groups and subgroups to energy and select nutrients and food groups consumed as CFBs (excluding human milk and formula) using the population ratio with weighted survey commands in SAS.
resultsFor infants and toddlers in the United States, 42 ± 0.9% (mean ± standard error of the mean) of energy intake from CFBs came from unprocessed/minimally processed foods (U/MPFs) and 45 ± 0.8% from UPFs. U/MPFs contributed most to nutrient intakes (except iron, zinc, and sodium); ≥20% of all selected nutrients was from UPFs. UPFs contributed most to iron (75 ± 1.0%) and zinc (48 ± 1.3%); breakfast cereals were the top source. Most fruit, vegetables, and dairy were from U/MPFs. More than 80% of total grains, whole grains, refined grains, and added sugars were UPFs.
conclusionsU/MPFs support healthy dietary intake of infants and toddlers in the United States, whereas UPFs contribute meaningfully to nutrients and food groups to be encouraged (iron, zinc, and whole grains), as well as some that should be limited (added sugars and sodium). More research is needed to better understand the utility and sensitivities of using Nova for providing dietary guidance for infants and toddlers in the United States.
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