ArticleBehavior research methods2024
Modeling insufficient effort responses in mixed-worded scales.
Article in Behavior research methods, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Understanding when mixture models effectively identify careless responding: Simulation and validity evidence.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- The Impact of Insufficient Effort Responses on the Order of Category Thresholds in the Polytomous Rasch Model.Educational and psychological measurement · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Surveys often add reverse-coded questions to monitor respondents with insufficient effort responses (IERs) but often wrongly assume that all respondents consistently answer all questions with full effort. By contrast, this study expanded the mixture model for IERs and ran a simulation via LatentGOLD to show the harmful consequences of ignoring IERs to positively and negatively worded questions: less test reliability, bias and less accuracy in slope and intercept parameters. We showed its practical application to two public data sets: Machiavellianism (five-point scale) and self-reported depression (four-point scale).
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Registered trials
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